AP World History (Earth and Its People) Chapter 27 vocabulary flashcards
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| 336082811 | anarchists | Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups. | 0 | |
| 336082812 | Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898) | Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871. | 1 | |
| 336082813 | Cixi, Empress Dowager (1835-1908) | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. | 2 | |
| 336082814 | Edison, Thomas (1847-1931) | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. | 3 | |
| 336082815 | electricity | A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. | 4 | |
| 336082816 | Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) | Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860. | 5 | |
| 336082817 | labor union | An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. | 6 | |
| 336082818 | liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes of Europe and North America. | 7 | |
| 336082819 | Marx, Karl (1818-1883) | German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). | 8 | |
| 336082820 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 9 | |
| 336082821 | nationalism | A political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation—a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe. In the late nineteenth century it hastened the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. In the twentieth century it provided the ideological foundation for scores of independent countries emerging from colonialism. | 10 | |
| 336082822 | New Economic Policy | Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. | 11 | |
| 336082823 | Perry, Commodore Matthew | A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. | 12 | |
| 336082824 | railroads | Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Their success caused a railroad-building boom throughout the world that lasted well into the twentieth century. | 13 | |
| 336082825 | separate spheres | Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have clearly differentiated roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics. | 14 | |
| 336082826 | socialism | A political ideology that originated in Europe in the 1830s. Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties throughout Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. | 15 | |
| 336082827 | steel | A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. | 16 | |
| 336082828 | submarine telegraph cables | Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. | 17 | |
| 336082829 | Victorian Age | The reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (r. 1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people. | 18 |
