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| 7713328758 | Prokaryotic Cell | A type of cell lacking membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. | 0 | |
| 7713334697 | Prokaryotic Cell Diameter | 0.5 - 5 um | 1 | |
| 7713328759 | Eukaryotic Cell | A cell with membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms made of eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi and animals) are called Eukaryotes. | 2 | |
| 7713346146 | Peptidoglycan | A network of modified-sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides. On present in the cell walls of bacterium. Forms another layer of protection on the outside of a cell wall. | 3 | |
| 7713346147 | Gram Stain | Developed by: Hans Christian Gram Separates bacteria into two categories based off of the presence of a peptidoglycan wall. 1)Gram Positive- thick peptidoglycan wall. 2)Gram Negative- little to no peptidogylcan wall, covered by outer layer of lipopolysaccharides. | 4 | |
| 7713347163 | Gram Positive | Thick peptidoglycan wall. | 5 | |
| 7713347164 | Gram Negative | Little to no peptidogylcan wall. Bacteria cell is covered by outer layer of lipopolysaccharides. Lipid portion is often toxic, causing fever or shock. | 6 | |
| 7713349170 | Capsule | Sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein covering the cell wall of many prokaryotes. | 7 | |
| 7713350095 | Fimbriae | Hair-like protein appendage that some prokaryotes will use to stick to a substrate or another prokaryote. | 8 | |
| 7713350096 | Sex Pili | Appendage that pulls two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to another (conjugation). Ability to form sex pili and donate DNA during conjugation results from the presence of a specific part of DNA called the F Factor. | 9 | |
| 7713351392 | Taxis | Movement in regard to a stimulus (towards or away). | 10 | |
| 7713351393 | Nucleoid Region | Non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located. | 11 | |
| 7713354021 | Plasmids | Small rings of separately replication DNA. | 12 | |
| 7713354022 | Endospores | Thick coated resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when exposed to harsh conditions. | 13 | |
| 7713357281 | Three factors that give rise to genetic diversity in prokaryotic. | Rapid reproduction, mutations, and genetic variation. | 14 | |
| 7713361644 | Rapid Evolution | Because of the quick rate of reproduction seen in bacteria, there is also fast evolution. This is why drugs previously used to treat an illness no longer work- the bacteria causing the illness has evolved such that the medication no longer works to kill it off. | 15 | |
| 7713362483 | Rapid Reproduction | Prokaryotes reproduce very quickly, typically via binary fission. | 16 | |
| 7714734090 | Binary Fission | Type of asexual reproduction commonly seen in prokaryotes where the DNA is copied, moves to either side of the cell and "budding" occurs to "pinch" the one cell into two. | 17 | |
| 7713363759 | Mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus. | 18 | |
| 7713365422 | Genetic Variation | Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments. | 19 | |
| 7713367491 | Genetic Recombination | Combining of DNA from two sources. | 20 | |
| 7713368593 | Transformation | The genotype and possibly the phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings. | 21 | |
| 7713370390 | Transduction | Phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. Is a type of "horizontal gene transfer." | 22 | |
| 7713371543 | Conjugation | Genetic material transferred from one bacterial cell to another while they are temporarily joined (via a sex pili coming from donor to recipient). Ability to form sex pili and donate DNA during conjugation results from the presence of a specific part of DNA called the F Factor. | 23 | |
| 7713371544 | F Factor | Gene that gives some prokaryotes the ability to form a sex pili and donate DNA to a recipient cell during conjugation. Can exist as a plasmid or as a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosome. | 24 | |
| 7713372824 | F Plasmid | F Factor in the plasmid from. | 25 | |
| 7713375137 | Hfr Cell | Cell with F Factor built into chromosomes. | 26 | |
| 7713493034 | Phototrophs | Organisms that obtain energy from light. | 27 | |
| 7713495579 | Chemotrophs | Organisms that obtain energy from chemical sources. | 28 | |
| 7713500925 | Autotrophs | Organisms that only need an inorganic (such as carbon dioxide) as a carbon source. | 29 | |
| 7713506418 | Heterotrophs | Require at least one organic nutrient to make other organic compounds. | 30 | |
| 7713512586 | The Four Major Modes of Nutrition | Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs | 31 | |
| 7713516044 | Photoautotrophs | photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic carbon compounds. Eg. Cyanobacteria | 32 | |
| 7713524725 | Chemoautotrophs | Need only an inorganic compound as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic substances. Unique to prokaryotes. | 33 | |
| 7713532442 | Photoheterotrophs | harness energy from light but must obtain carbon in an organic form. | 34 | |
| 7713536894 | Chemoheterotrophs | Must comsume organic molecules to obtain both energy and carbon. Wide spread among prokaryotes. Applies to fungi, animals, most protists, and even some parasitic plants. | 35 | |
| 7713551540 | Obligate Aerobes | Use O2 for cellular respiration. Cannot grow without O2. | 36 | |
| 7713555693 | Obligate Anerobes | Poisoned by O2. Some live instead by fermentation, and others by anerobic respiration. | 37 | |
| 7713560913 | Fermentation | Chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. (Def VIA ENCYCLOAEDIA BRITANNICA.) | 38 | |
| 7713562191 | Anerobic Respiration | The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the downhill end of electron transport chains. | 39 | |
| 7713563605 | Falcultative Anerobes | Use O2 when it is present but can also carry out anerobic respiration or fermentation when placed in anerobic environments. | 40 | |
| 7713567845 | Nitrogen Fixation | Converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. EG. Seen in cyanobacteria and some methanogens. | 41 | |
| 7713577714 | Metabolic Cooperation | Allows prokaryotes to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells. Eg. Anabaena has genes that code for photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation but a single cell cannot carry out both processes as once. Anaerobe froms filamentous colonies. Most cells in a filament carry out only photosynthesis while a few specialized cells, called heterocytes, carry out only nitrogen fixation. Often occurs in surface coating colonies known as biofilms. | 42 | |
| 7713605650 | Biofilms | A complex structure adhering to surfaces that are regularly in contact with water, consisting of colonies of bacteria and usually other microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi, and protozoa that secrete a mucilaginous protective coating in which they are encased. (Def. VIA Dictionary.com.) | 43 | |
| 7713607608 | Horizontal Gene Transfer | The movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring. (Def. VIA Wikipedia.) | 44 | |
| 7713608745 | Archaea | Share some trates with bacteria and others with eukaryotes. Typically live in super-extreme environments where other organisms cannot survive- extremophiles. Extreme Halophiles and Extreme Thermophiles. | 45 | |
| 7713621635 | Extremophiles | Organisms assigned to Archea that can live in such extreme environments that most other organisms cannot survive there. Two types: 1)Extreme Halophiles 2)Extreme Thermophiles | 46 | |
| 7713628447 | Extreme Halophiles | Extremophiles that live in highly saline environments. | 47 | |
| 7713631636 | Extreme Thermophiles. | Extremophiles that live in very hot environments. | 48 | |
| 7713638862 | Methanogens | A group of Archea named fro its extreme means of obtaining energy: using CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane as a waste products. Poisoned by O2 (so they are obligate anerobes). Some live in extreme environments while others live in swamps and marshes where other microorganisms have have consumed all of the O2. | 49 | |
| 7713665478 | Clade: Euryachaeota | Many extreme halophiles and methanogens. Include *some* extreme thermophiles. | 50 | |
| 7713675407 | Clase: Crenarchaota | Clade where most extreme thermophiles are placed. | 51 | |
| 7713681977 | Bacteria | A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans. TFound in almost all places on Earth and are vital to the planets ecosystem. (Def. VIA NIH) Singular: bacterium. | 52 | |
| 7713689383 | Proteobacteria | Large and diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that contains photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs. Five SubClades: a) Alpha b)Beta c) Gamma d) Delta e) Epsilon | 53 | |
| 7713705378 | Alpha Proteobacteria | Closely associated with eukaryotic hosts. | 54 | |
| 7713706436 | Beta Proteobacteria | Nutritionally diverse subclade containing Nitrosomonas. | 55 | |
| 7713707610 | Gamma Proteobacteria | photosynthetic members include sulfur bacteria and heterotrophic gamma proteobacteria are pathogens. | 56 | |
| 7713707611 | Dalta Proteobacteria | Includes sline secreating myxobacteria which congenerate into a fruiting body that releases myxospores when soil is dry and or food is scarce. | 57 | |
| 7713710296 | Epsilon Proteobacteria | Typicaly pathogenic to humans and other animals. Some cause blood poisoning, intestinal inflimation/swelling and stomach ulcers. | 58 | |
| 7713721346 | Nitrosomonas | Genus of soil bacteria that play a role in nitrogen recycling by oxidizing ammonium and producing nitrate as a waste product. In Alpha Proteobacteria. | 59 | |
| 7713753577 | Chlamydias | Clade of bacteria. Parasites that survive only within animal cells and depend on their hosts for resources as basic as ATP. Gram-negative with compleat lack of peptidoglycan. | 60 | |
| 7713755190 | Spirochetes | Clade of bacteria. Helical heterotrophs spiral through environment by rotation internal flagellum-like filaments. Many are free living but some are notoriously pathogenic parasites. | 61 | |
| 7713755191 | Cyanobacteria | Clade of bacteria. Photoautotrophs that are the only prokaryotes with plant-like, O2 generating photosynthesis. Can be solitary or colonial based. Both are commonly found near water and serve as food for freshwater and marine ecosystems. Some filamentous colonies have cells specialize for nirtogen fixation. | 62 | |
| 7713757198 | Gram-positive Bacteria | Clade of bacteria. Rival Proteobacteria in diversity. Include many solitary species. Include subclade actinomycetes and mycroplasmas. | 63 | |
| 7713815709 | Mycroplasmas | Subclade of Gram-positive bacteria. Only bacteria known to lack cell wall. Smallest of all known cells (0.1 um) Remarkably small genomes. | 64 | |
| 7713822322 | Actinomycetes | Subclade of Gram-positve bacteria. Some form colonies containing branching chains of cells. Two types cause TB and leprosy but most are free-living and help to decompose the organic matter in soil. | 65 | |
| 7713840246 | Decomposers | Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes. | 66 | |
| 7713845941 | Symbosis | Ecological relationship in which two species live in close proximity to one another, and help each other to survive. Typically the larger of the species is the host and the symbiont. | 67 | |
| 7713859660 | Mutualism | Ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit. | 68 | |
| 7713862688 | Commensalism | ecological interaction in which one species benefits and the other is not affected. | 69 | |
| 7713866629 | Parasitism | Ecological relationship in which a parasite eats cell contents, tissues, and bodily fluids of its host. (benefits one and harms the other). | 70 | |
| 7713876599 | Pathogenic Bacteria | All pathogenic prokaryotes known to date are bacteria. Pathogenic prokaryotes usually cause illness by producing poisons which are classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins. | 71 | |
| 7713884633 | Exotoxins | proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms. | 72 | |
| 7713884634 | Endotoxins | Lipopolysaccharides components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. | 73 | |
| 7713895433 | Bioremediation | Use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air or water. | 74 |
