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| 342188820 | Action Francaise | Was one of the right wing groups that became active during the Depression in France. Were founded before WWI in the wake of the Dreyfus affair. Had more than 2 million followers. Some wanted monarchy, and others favored military rule. Were hostile to parliamentary govt., socialism, and communism. Weakened loyalty to republican government. | 0 | |
| 342188821 | Agricultural collectivism | Was a reverse of the policies of the NEP. Soviets try to confront difficulties in agriculture by replacing private peasant farms with huge state-run and state-owned farms. To carry out this policy, Stalin portrays kulaks as the cause of agricultural problems, and tries to eliminate them as a class. Confiscates their land and tries to have them organize a collective farm. Peasants who refused slaughtered cattle in revolt. Those that resisted (over 2 million) were sent to prison camps. Also began attacking priests and churches with this policy. Caused peasants to move from rural areas into cities, most of whom were young males. | 1 | |
| 342188822 | Leon Blum | Was leader of the French Socialists. Became prime minister in 1936. Worked to pursue socialism through democratic and parliamentary government. In order to prevent strikes in the French industry, reorganized labor management. Raised wages from 7-15%, made employers recognize unions and bargain with them, gave workers paid two-week vacations annually, and established a 40-hour work week. Also raised salaries of civil servants, and extended loans to small industry, etc. Made bankers and business people angry, and they worked to stop his reforms. Was replaced by Daladier. | 2 | |
| 342188823 | Corporatism | The planned economy of fascist Italy that combined private ownership of capital with government direction of Italy's economic life and the arbitration of labor disputes. The middle way between socialism and laissez-faire. The state determined what the industries produced, not the consumers or industrial owners. Increased bureaucracy and corruption in Italy. Led to a decrease in standard of living. | 3 | |
| 342188824 | Croix de Feu (Cross of Fire) | Was one of the right wing groups that became active during the Depression in France. Consisted of veterans. (See Action Francaise for more info, because I refuse to retype it) | 4 | |
| 342188825 | Edouard Daladier | Radical French minister. | 5 | |
| 342188826 | Dawes Plan (1924) | This reorganized the transfer of reparations among the European nations after the Great War, and smoothed debt payments to the US. American capital flows to Europe, especially to Germany, providing brief prosperity in Europe after 1925. Money given was in the form of short-term loans. | 6 | |
| 342188827 | Enabling Act (1933) | Allowed Hitler to rule by decree, making him the sole ruler of Germany. Thereafter, Hitler's power had no legal limits. This along with the February decree after the Reichstag fire made the Weimar constitution no longer valid. | 7 | |
| 342188828 | Final Solution | Hitler's plan for the extermination of all Jews. Killed 6 million Jews, mostly from Eastern Europe. | 8 | |
| 342188829 | Five-year plans | Was the vehicle for Stalin's rapid industrialization. Oversaw by the Gosplan. Ended the NEP and created a socialist economy in which the government made all economic decisions, promoted the rapid development of heavy industries, and collectivized agriculture. The standard of living in the Soviet Union decreased because the government limited the production of consumer goods and people had shortages. The government had to use propaganda to sell the Russian people into cooperating and tried to appeal to the young by saying it would modernize the nation. However, the economy grew more rapidly than that of any other nation in the West during a similar period. | 9 | |
| 342188830 | "General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" (1936) | Written by John Maynard Keynes. Was the first to set forth a body of economic thought as a result of the economic crisis. | 10 | |
| 342188831 | Great Depression | Was a result of the financial problems that emerged from the Great War, agricultural problems, especially a collapse in agricultural prices, and lack of strong economic leadership among the European nations and the US. Britain suffered greatly in unemployment, but was seemingly better off than France. France's came later, but lasted longer. Unemployment was not a major problem in France, but wages were lowered and tariffs increased. Right-wing groups became active in response. They weakened the republic government of France and lost it support. | 11 | |
| 342188832 | Great Purges | Stalin was paranoid that rival party leaders were plotting against him and launched this reign of terror, in which the Communist Prarty eliminated old Bolsheviks and other party members. "Show trials" in which Communist leaders (often falsely) confessed to political crimes were held in Moscow. Many purged people were sent into exile or slave labor camps. Initally, had been used to settle old scores, and to discipline and gain more control over lower levels of the Communist party. Later, became Stalin's method of wiping out members of his own supporters whom he distrusted. | 12 | |
| 342188833 | Heinrich Himmler | Commanded the SS, and became second in command to Hitler. | 13 | |
| 342188834 | Adolph Hitler | Became chancellor of Germany under legal means. Was supported strongly by farmers, war veterans, and the young. Once in power, moved to consolidate his control by capturing full legal authority, crushing alternative political groups, and purging any rivals within the Nazi Party. After Hindenburg died, was able to combine the offices of chancellor and president, making himself the sole ruler of Germany. | 14 | |
| 342188835 | Hoover Moratorium (1931) | Suspends all debts for one year. Was a blow to French economy; France only agreed to this because German economy was near collapse. Was a prelude to the end of reparations in Europe. | 15 | |
| 342188836 | John Maynard Keynes | Wrote "General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money". Advocated active government intervention in economy. Urged government spending to expand demand. | 16 | |
| 342188837 | Sergei Kirov | Was Stalin's protégé and slight opponent, as well as the head of the Leningrad Party. His assassination in 1934 was used to start Great Purges on all political opponents of Stalin. Thousands were arrested and many expelled from the party and sent to labor camps. At the time, it was believed certain people who opposed the government murdered him, and Stalin accused them accordingly, but it is now believed Stalin did it because he feared loss of power. | 17 | |
| 342188838 | Kristallnacht (1938) | Under Nazi Party orders, thousands of Jewish stores and synagogues were burned or otherwise destroyed. The Jewish community had to pay for the damage because the government confiscated the insurance money. | 18 | |
| 342188839 | Kulaks | were the prosperous peasants in the Soviet Union that were considered the enemy. The government had claimed that they were responsible for hoarding and for what they regarded as speculation (loss of investments) in the grain trade. Soviet Union tries to eliminate this class. At this point, they're regarded as any peasants who resisted collectivization. | 19 | |
| 342188840 | Lausanne Conference (1932) | Ended all reparations in Europe after World War I. | 20 | |
| 342188841 | Ramsay MacDonald | Reelected as prime minister again and his Labour govt. took office. Was conservative and wanted to slash the budget, reduce govt. salaries, and cut unemployment benefits. Formed a coalition ministry called the National Government. Was believed to have sold out and was rejected by his fellow party members. | 21 | |
| 342188842 | Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy. Tried to strengthen economy by undertaking public works, introducing tariffs, subsidizing the shipping industry, and expanding wheat farming in Italy, but could not keep Depression away. | 22 | |
| 342188843 | National Government (Great Britain) | Formed by Ramsay MacDonald. Consisted of Labour, Conservative, and Liberal ministers. In order to attack the depression, raised taxes, cut insurance benefits of the unemployed and elderly, and lowered government salaries. Also took Britain off the gold standard, and had Parliament pass the Import Duties Bill. All of these policies allowed Britain to avoid the banking crisis that hit other countries, and Britain became the first nation to restore the level of production of 1929. | 23 | |
| 342188844 | Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party) | Gained power due to the circumstances of the financial crisis, economic stress, and social anxiety of the German depression. Was soon the only legal party when Hitler rose to power. Their population policy was one of selective breeding; wanted pure, healthy Germans. Vowed to protect working women, but wanted them to work in more feminine professions, such as teaching or nursing. Wanted women to be the protectors of German culture and to pass it on to the young.Their economic policies supported private property and private capitalism. By suppressing freedom in economics, they were able to deal with unemployment and the Great Depression successfully. | 24 | |
| 342188845 | Nuremberg Laws (1935) | Took away German citizenship from Jews. | 25 | |
| 342188846 | "Old Bolsheviks" | Were among one of the first targets of Stalin's Great Purge. | 26 | |
| 342188847 | Popular Front | Was a coalition of leftist groups in France, a brief socialist and communist cooperation made possible only because Stalin was wary of Hitler damaging the Soviet Union. Its purpose was to preserve the republic and press for social reform. Were given a majority in the Chamber of Deputies in the election of 1936. | 27 | |
| 342188848 | Rapid Industrialization | Was a major part of Stalin's "Socialism in One Country". Was a big departure away from Lenin's NEP. To overtake the Soviet Union's enemies, this would require the rapid construction of heavy industries, such as iron, steel, etc. Created the first genuinely large factory labor force in the Soviet Union. However, the workers' living condition was horrible. | 28 | |
| 342188849 | Reichstag | Lower house of German parliament that became weakened in power due to Article 48 of the Weimar constitution that allowed the chancellor to rule by decree in an emergency. Were too divided into separate parties to override these decrees. The Weimar Republic becomes an authoritarian govt. due to this. | 29 | |
| 342188850 | SA (Sturmabteilung) | AKA Storm Troopers. The unemployed begin to join this group that reached nearly one million members in 1933. They attacked the Communists and Social Democrats. Their key officers, including Ernst Roehm, were later murdered at the command of Hitler. | 30 | |
| 342188851 | SS (Schutzstaffel) | AKA Protective Force. Was the chief vehicle for police surveillance. Commanded by Heinrich Himmler. Had originated as a bodyguard for Hitler and then became an elite paramilitary organization. Had about 52,000 members. Carried out the purges within the Nazi Party. | 31 | |
| 342188852 | Social Democrats | Governed alongside center parties as a coalition government after the depression destroyed the parliamentary government in Germany. Had refused to reduce social and unemployment insurance during the depression. The coalition later dissolved. Were one of the targets of harassment of the SA. | 32 | |
| 342188853 | "Socialism in One Country" | Rapid industrialization was a big part of this. Stalin wanted to have the Soviet Union overtake the productive capacity of its enemies, the capitalist nations. | 33 | |
| 342188854 | Joseph Stalin | Worked toward Russian economic improvement with the use of terror. Issued five year plans for rapid industrialization. His decisions were considered a departure against the policies of Lenin and aroused internal opposition. Conducted Great Purges against possible rivals, such as Sergei Kirov, because he feared he was losing control due to the turmoil in the countryside and the problems caused by industrialization. | 34 | |
| 342188855 | Wall Street (Stock Market) Crash (1929) | Was the result of unregulated financial investments. All kinds of credit disappeared and many banks failed. Thereafter, little American capital flows into Europe. | 35 | |
| 342188856 | Syndicates | Major industries were divided into these that represented labor and management. Settled with labor disputes and differences. The Fascists believed class conflict could be avoided with these. Were later organized into corporations, grouping industries by their area of production. | 36 | |
| 342188857 | Weimar Republic | Became an authoritarian government because the Reichstag was too divided to override the emergency decrees of the chancellors. | 37 | |
| 342188858 | Young Plan | A continuation of the Dawes plan, it lowered German reparations to 26 billion and limited how long they had to be paid (58.5 years). After the crash of the Vienna bank, Germany can't even pay reparations that are made under this plan. | 38 | |
| 342188859 | Great Depression | Causes of the ________________: 1. financial panic in the US 2. absence of world financial leadership 3. reduction of national spending 4. decline in world agricultural prices | 39 | |
| 342188860 | Great Depression | European governments dealt with the _____________ by doing the following: 1. protective tariffs and bilateral trade agreements 2. deflationary fiscal and monetary policies 3. reducing expenditures in order to balance their budgets | 40 | |
| 342188861 | National Government | Actions the British ____________________ took to deal with the depression: 1. raised government taxes 2. cut insurance benefits to the unemployed and elderly 3. lowered government salaries 4. took Britain off the gold standard 5. Parliament passed the Import Duties Bill, which placed a tax on all imports except those from the British Empire | 41 | |
| 342188862 | Adolph Hitler | Factors contributing to the rise of _______________ in power: 1. German anger over the "unfairness" of the Treaty of Versailles 2. failure of the Weimar Republic to solve the economic problems confronting Germany 3. struggle between Social Democrats and Communists 4. political machinations of Franz von Papen (that made Hitler seem like a better option) | 42 | |
| 342188863 | Adolph Hitler | _________________ used all of the following to gain and maintain power: 1. ritual spectacles 2. campaigning by airplane 3. films 4. radio | 43 | |
| 342188864 | Adolph Hitler | __________________'s popularity was based on the following: 1. German economic recovery 2. perception of greater equality and social mobility for all Germans 3. successes in foreign policy | 44 | |
| 342188865 | Joseph Stalin | The goal of _______________ was to have the Soviet Union overtake the productive capacity of the capitalist nations. This would be accomplished through five-year plans that emphasized the development of heavy industry. | 45 | |
| 342188866 | Joseph Stalin | All of the following were factors in the success of __________'s industrialization drive: 1. sharp decrease in domestic consumption 2. extensive labor discipline (meaning no labor unions) 3. use of foreign exports | 46 | |
| 342188867 | Collectivization | The ________________ program carried out by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union: 1. led to widespread famine in 1932-3. 2. led to peasants moving from rural areas to cities 3. led to an increase in education in rural areas 4. led to a rise in rural literacy | 47 | |
| 342188868 | collectivization | The resistance of Russian peasants to ____________ led the government to tolerate small family plots (gardens) by the mid-1930s. | 48 | |
| 342188869 | Rapid industrialization | _____________________ in the Soviet Union was accompanied by a fall in the standard of living because factories were not making consumer goods. | 49 | |
| 342188870 | purges | The targets of Stalin's ________ and the public "show trials" that followed included the following: 1. senior military leadership 2. rivals for leadership 3. veteran Bolsheviks (aka "Old Bolsheviks") 4. ordinary workers | 50 | |
| 342188871 | Western liberalism | Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a profound hatred of _______________. | 51 | |
| 342188872 | Nazis | As the Great Depression continued to worsen, the number of seats held by the _______ in the Reichstag continued to grow, reaching a high of 288 in March 1933. | 52 | |
| 342188873 | Jews | ____ were singled out for particular abuse by the Nazis based on biological racial theories from the late 19th century. | 53 | |
| 342195287 | 6 | The "Final Solution" would result in the death of more than __ million Jews before World War II ended in Europe in May 1945. | 54 | |
| 342195288 | corporatism, corporations | The economic policies of Benito Mussolini's Italian fascist party were known as ___________, a planned economy that organized industries into syndicates representing both labor and management. After 1930, the syndicates were reorganized into entities called ____________. This effort did little to increase production, but did increase bureaucracy and corruption. | 55 | |
| 342195289 | right-wing | The Great Depression in France led to the rise of _______ fascist organizations such as Croix de Feu and Action Francaise. | 56 | |
| 342689240 | Stavisky Affair | Involved a small-time gangster who committed suicide before the police could get to him. Was suspected of being a political cover-up. The right-wing groups thought it symbolized all the seaminess immorality, and corruption of republican politics. | 57 | |
| 342932783 | Reichstag | The fire of the _____________ building in 1933 by a mentally ill Dutch communist provided Hitler with an excuse to consolidate his power. The Nazis claimed that the fire represented a communist threat to the government and allowed Hitler to issue a decree suspending civil liberties and arresting all communists. | 58 | |
| 343339760 | biological | The Nazi anti-Semitism was based on ____________ superiority rather then religious superiority. | 59 | |
| 343460784 | Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party) | By July 14, 1933, the _______________ was the only legal party in Germany. | 60 | |
| 344474698 | 400 | Soviet industrial production rose approximately ___ percent between 1928-1940. | 61 | |
| 344539447 | violence | The Soviet Union urbanization arose directly from the ________ the government inflicted on the countryside. | 62 |
