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| 320841436 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536) | 0 | |
| 320841437 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death | 1 | |
| 320841438 | Battle of Chaldiran | 16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis). | 2 | |
| 320841439 | Battle of Mohacs | Ottomans beat Hungarians at Mohacs, resulted in end of Hungarian kingdom, divided into 3 realms under Ottoman, Habsburg, and Transylvanian rule | 3 | |
| 320841440 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 4 | |
| 320841441 | Ghazi | warriors who fought to expand the frontiers of Islam | 5 | |
| 320841442 | Goa | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the Western Indian Coast; site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network. | 6 | |
| 320841443 | Hürrem Sultana | was born in 1506. She was the wife of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent and she played an important role in the Ottoman history as being the favourite wife of the Sultan. Hurrem Sultana was Russian originated and her real name was Roxelanne. As a child, she was presented to the Ottoman palace by the Khan of The Crimea because of her beauty. She had a special education in the palace. She attracted the interest of Sultan Suleyman, by using her femininity, intelligence and talents. She became very influential for the women of Harem and for the other people of the palace. She won the love and reliance of Sultan Suleyman in a short time and became the legal wife of him. She acted very well planned and her intrigues very negatively effected the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Prince Mustafa was the eldest son of Sultan Suleyman, born from Gulbahar Hatun. Hurrem Sultan had ordered firstly to strangle her most dangerous rival Gulbahar Hatun and next 40 years old prince Mustafa. Hurrem Sultan became very influential in the governmental administrations and she supported the war with Persia and she restored the peace with Russia and Poland. She died before seeing, one of her sons on the throne. She was 52 years old when she died. | 7 | |
| 320841444 | Isfahan | Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries found in central Iran | 8 | |
| 320841445 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675) | 9 | |
| 320841446 | Jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 10 | |
| 320841447 | Kanuni | Name given to Suleiman meaning "lawgiver" because of his influence on civil law. | 11 | |
| 320841448 | Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha | a Turkish corsair whose pirate fleet was incredibly powerful. | 12 | |
| 320841449 | Mehmed II | also called Mehmed the Conqueror, Murad's son, conquered Constantinople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt city was renamed Istanbul. | 13 | |
| 320841450 | Shah Abbas | Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire | 14 | |
| 320841451 | Shah Ismail | Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects; his followers became known as qizilbash. | 15 | |
| 320841452 | Shah Jahan | the fifth Mogul emperor of India. During his reign, from 1628 to 1658, the Mogul Empire reached its zenith in prosperity and luxury. He is remembered as the builder of the Taj Mahal. | 16 | |
| 320841453 | Osman Bey | founder of Ottoman Empire in 1289; bey of a semi-nomadic tribe of Turks, who migrated to northwest Anatolia in the 13th century; Seized Bursa, then moved into the Balkans; organized the ghazi into a formidable military machine; | 17 | |
| 320841454 | Selim the Grim | Executed the Shi'a in the Ottoman Empire- about 40,000. Leader during the Battle of Chaldrion in 1514 was a lost. | 18 | |
| 320841455 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 19 | |
| 320841456 | Twelver Shiism | A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion. | 20 | |
| 320841457 | Zahir al-Din Muhammad | Born Feb. 14, 1483; died Dec. 26, 1530. Uzbek and Indian ruler and military leader; founder of the Great Mogul state (1526) in India. Also famous as a poet and writer. Descended from the Timurid clan. | 21 |
