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| 5882616154 | Mongols/Manchus | During the Yuan Dynasty, Mongol overlords ignored Chinese political and cultural traditions, displacing Chinese bureaucrats in favor of Turkish, Persian, and other foreign administrators The Manchus were steppe people in the North Eastern part of China, were like the Mongols in that they were nomadic peoples Unlike the Mongols, after taking over China and establishing the Qing dynasty, they put much emphasis on Chinese political and cultural traditions | 0 | |
| 5882616548 | Qing dynasty | Dynasty that succeeded the Ming dynasty Manchus poured into China and established a new dynasty which ruled China (1644-1911) Put much pride in upholding traditional Chinese cultural and political practices Wanted to be as Chinese as possible Supported Confucian values Two emperors were particular well known for their effectiveness: Qing Kangxi and Qing Qianlong | 1 | |
| 5882616869 | Forbidden City | Built by the Ming when capital was moved to Beijing to watch over the Great Wall and prevent future nomadic invasions The personal and government estate for the emperor of China [add more later] | 2 | |
| 5882616870 | Qing Kangxi | Was a Confucian scholar and enlightened ruler Applied Confucian teachings through policies (organized flood-control and irrigation projects in observance of the Confucian precept that rulers should look after the welfare of their subjects and promote agriculture) Was also a conqueror in that he oversaw the construction of a vast Qing empire | 3 | |
| 5882617375 | Son of heaven | Chinese tradition held that the emperor was the "son of heaven", the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on the earth Justification for the emperor's rule, and consolidated his power; similar to European absolute monarchy's divine right | 4 | |
| 5882617376 | Infanticide | Girls were primary victims of Infanticide Shows how patriarchal Chinese society was Women were seen as a liability as would be a waste to raise and marry off Subjected women to the authority of men; shows the inferiority of women in a patriarchal society | 5 | |
| 5882617655 | Zheng He | Ming emperor Yongle (1403-1424) sought to establish a Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean basin, sponsoring a series of seven massive maritime expeditions led by the eunuch admiral Zheng He After the reign of Yongle, the Ming government withdrew its support for expensive maritime expeditions and tried to prevent Chinese subjects from dealing with foreign peoples Represented a potential for the Chinese to expand and explore like the Europeans did | 6 | |
| 5882617656 | Manila Galleons | [see chapter 23] Main source of bringing silver into the Chinese market As a result of influx of Japanese and American silver, trade was stimulated and it financed further commercial expansion | 7 | |
| 5882618031 | "mean people" | lowest of the Chinese Hierarchal classes included slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, prostitutes, and other marginal groups | 8 | |
| 5882618032 | Shogun | "military governor" ruled Japan through retainers who received political rights and large estates in exchange for military services the emperor was nothing more than a figurehead and the shogun sought to monopolize power The principal aim of Tokugawa shoguns was to stabilize their realm and prevent the return of civil war | 9 | |
| 5882618033 | Daimyo | Shoguns needed to control the daimyo, powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings 260 or so daimyos functioned as near-absolute rulers within their domains Shogun instituted the policy of "alternate attendance", which required daimyo to maintain their families at Edo and spend every other year at the Tokugawa court | 10 | |
| 5882618393 | Shinto | was the indigenous religion for Japan Some people sought to establish a sense of Japanese identity that did not depend on cultural kinship with China Scholars of "native learning" scorned neo-Confucianism and even Buddhism as alien cultural imports and emphasized instead the importance of folk traditions and the indigenous Shinto religion for Japanese identity | 11 | |
| 5882618394 | Dutch learning | After 1639, Dutch merchants trading at Nagasaki became Japan's principal source of information about Europe and the world beyond east Asia A small number of Japanese scholars learned Dutch in order to communicate with the foreigners These studies brought considerable knowledge of the outside world to Japan | 12 | |
| 5882619671 | Ming Dynasty | when the Yuan dynasty collapsed, the Ming dynasty restored native rule to China Hongwu, founder of the Ming dynasty placed great trust in eunuchs on the thinking that they could not generate families and hence would not build power bases that would challenge imperial authority, also used mandarins, imperial officials who traveled throughout the land and oversaw the implementation of government policies Ming emperors were determined to prevent new invasions so they moved the capital to Beijing to keep watch on Mongols and other nomadic peoples in the north Set out to eradicate Mongol and other foreign influences and to create a stable society in the image of the Chinese past Most important, Ming restored the system of civil service examinations that Mongol ruler had neglected | 13 | |
| 5882619672 | eunuchs | castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China. | 14 | |
| 5882620339 | queue | 15 | ||
| 5882620746 | Qing Qianlong | Kangxi's grandson His reign marked the height of the Qing dynasty During his long, stable, and prosperous reign, the imperial treasury bulged so much that on four occasions he had to cancel tax collections Toward the end of his reign, he paid less attention to imperial affairs and delegated many responsibilities to his favorite eunuchs His successors continued this practice, thus towards the end of the dynasty, the Qing faced big difficulties | 16 | |
| 5882621202 | scholar-bureaucrat | Day-to-day governance of the Chinese empire fell to scholar-bureacrats appointed by the emperor Came from the class of well-educated and highly literate men known as the scholarly-gentry Earned academic degrees by passing rigorous civil service examinations, dominated China's political and social life | 17 | |
| 5882621203 | foot binding | Represented female inferiority to males in Chinese society This practice made a comeback during the Ming dynasty, when Chinese traditions and cultures were brought back after the rule of the Yuan dynasty who neglected these values | 18 | |
| 5882621850 | treasure ships | Zheng He used these giant, nine-masted ships in his expeditions to the Indian Ocean Basin | 19 | |
| 5882621851 | VOC | 20 | ||
| 5882621852 | Matteo Ricci | Most prominent of Christian missionaries were the Jesuits Founder of the mission to China was the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), who had the goal of converting China to Christianity, beginning with the Ming emperor WanLi Was able to master the Chinese language and studied Confucian principles, allowing him to converse fluently with Confucian scholars Jesuits sought to capture Chinese interest with European science and technology but their ultimate goal was always to win converts Portrayed Christianity as a faith very similar to Chinese cultural traditions | 21 | |
| 5882622127 | bakufu | Tokugawa Ieyasu established a military government known as the Tokugawa bakufu Ieyasu and his descendants ruled the bakufu as shoguns from 1600-1867 | 22 | |
| 5882622128 | samurai | Part of the rank of ruling elites in Japan Interest of Tokugawa authorities was to reduce the numbers of armed professional warriors, so they pushed daimyo and samurai to become bureaucrats and government functionaries | 23 | |
| 5882622991 | Francis Xavier | This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity a Jesuit priest and missionary who traveled to Asia | 24 | |
| 5882780831 | Christianity | The Chinese hesitated to adopt Christianity partly because of its exclusivity (Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism could be honored at the same time) Christianity claimed to be the only true religion so conversion implied that Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism were inferior | 25 |
