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| 15875582571 | Protist | unicellular eukaryotic nucleus membrane bound organelles cytoskeleton some have contractile vacuoles. lack of multicellularity | 0 | |
| 15875582572 | Mixotroph | use both photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition | 1 | |
| 15875582573 | endosymbiosis | - relationship between two spores in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (host) - mitochondria and plastids are derived from prokaryotes that were engulfed by the ancestors of eukaryotic cells - the ancestral host cell may have been an archaean or a "protoeukaryote," from a lineage related to, but diverged from archaeal ancestors | 2 | |
| 15875582574 | Excavata | diplomonads parabasalids euglenozoans - characterized by its cytoskeleton - some members have an excavated feeding groove | 3 | |
| 15875582575 | SAR Clade | •diverse monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its three major clades: •Stramenopiles, •Alveolates, and •Rhizarians •This group is one of the most controversial of the four supergroups |  | 4 |
| 15875582576 | Archaeplastida | red algae chlorophytes charophytes land plants | 5 | |
| 15875582577 | Diplomonads | -Have reduced mitochondria called mitosomes -Derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways •Obligate fermenters -Have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella -Are often parasites, for example, Giardia intestinalis -Cysts ingested from feces contaminated drinking water -Sulfurous, mucousy, gassy stools | 6 | |
| 15875582578 | Parabasalids | •Flagella attached to parabasal body in cytoplasm •Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically •Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast-like infections in human females | 7 | |
| 15875582579 | Euglenozoans | •diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites •The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella •This clade includes the kinetoplastids and euglenids | 8 | |
| 15875582580 | Kinetoplastids | •have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast •Free-living species are consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems •Kinetoplastids in the genus Trypanosoma cause sleeping sickness in humans •Trypanosoma bruceii can cross blood-brain barrier •Another pathogenic trypanosome causes Chagas' disease T. cruzii •Persistent evasion of immune system due to antigenic variation | 9 | |
| 15875582581 | Euglenids | •have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell •Autotrophic species -Chloroplasts derived from a green algae -3 membranes lack nucleomorph •Heterotrophic species lack chloroplasts •Some species, Euglena, can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic •Mixotrophic |  | 10 |
| 15875582582 | Diatoms | •unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide •Diatoms are a major component of phytoplankton and are highly diverse •Oceanic diatoms responsible for 20-25% of Global Carbon fixation and oxygen synthesis •Fossilized diatom walls compose much of the sediments known as diatomaceous earth •Store energy as oil droplets •Crude oil deposits formed on floors of ancient shallow seas |  | 11 |
| 15875582583 | Golden Algae | color results from carotenoids biflagellated photosynthetic some mixotrophic most unicellular | 12 | |
| 15875582584 | Brown Algae | •the largest and most complex algae •2,200 species mostly marine •All are multicellular, and most are marine •Brown algae include many species commonly called "seaweeds" Giant seaweeds called kelps live in deep parts of the ocean •Brown algal seaweeds have plantlike structures: the rootlike holdfast, which anchors the alga, and a stemlike stipe, which supports the leaflike blades •Similarities between algae and plants are examples of __________________________ structures |  | 13 |
| 15875582585 | Alternation of Generation | alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms | 14 | |
| 15875582586 | Heteromorphic | sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different | 15 | |
| 15875582587 | Isomorphic | sporophytes and gametophytes look similar but differ in chromosome number | 16 | |
| 15875582588 | Alveolates | •have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane •The alveolates include -Dinoflagellates -Apicomplexans -Ciliates |  | 17 |
| 15875582589 | Dinoflagellates | •have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates •They are abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton •They are a diverse group of aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs •Toxic "red tides" are caused by dinoflagellate blooms |  | 18 |
| 15875582590 | Apicomplexans | •parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases •They spread through their host as infectious cells called sporozoites •One end, the apex, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues •Most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion |  | 19 |
| 15875582591 | Ciliates | •a large varied group of protists, are named for their use of cilia to move and feed •They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei •Genetic variation results from conjugation, in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei •Conjugation is a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by binary fission |  | 20 |
| 15875582592 | Rhizarians | •Many species in this clade are amoebas •Amoebas are protists that move and feed by pseudopodia, extensions of the cytoskeleton under the cell surface •These amoebas differ from amoebas in other clades by having threadlike pseudopodia •These include radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans |  | 21 |
| 15875582593 | Radiolarians | •have delicate, intricately symmetrical intenal skeletons that are generally made of silica. • The pseudopodia of these mostly marine protists radiate from a central body and are reinforced by bundles of microtubules. • The microtubules are covered by a thin layer of cytoplasm, which engulfs smaller microorganisms that become attached to the pseudopodia. •Cytoplasmic streaming then carrier the captured prey into the main part of the cell. |  | 22 |
| 15875582594 | Foramiferans | •named for their porous shells called tests. Consisting of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate. •The pseudopodia that extend through the pores function is swimming, test formation, and feeding. • Many forams also derive nourishment from the photosynthesis of symbiotic algae that live within the tests. •Forams are found in both the ocean and freshwater. •90% of all identified species of forams are known from fossils. •Foram fossils are excellent markers for correlating the ages of sedimentary rocks in different parts of the world. •Researchers are also studying these fossils to obtain information about climate change and its effects on the oceans and their life. | 23 | |
| 15875582595 | Cercozoans | amoeboid and flagellated feed using pseudopodia marine/freshwater/soil heterotrophs/parasites | 24 | |
| 15875582596 | Red Algae | •7,000 species •90% marine •Chlorophyll a & d plus •Phycoerythrin (Red pigment) •Phycocyanin (blue pigment) •The color varies from greenish-red in shallow water to dark red or almost black in deep water •usually multicellular; the largest are seaweeds •the most abundant large algae in coastal waters of the tropics •Survive at depths where only blue light penetrates |  | 25 |
| 15875582597 | Green Algae | •named for their grass-green chloroplasts •8,000 species 90% freshwater •Plants are descended from the green algae •are a paraphyletic group...why? •The two main groups are the charophytes and the chlorophytes •Charophytes are most closely related to land plants •Other chlorophytes live in damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in environments exposed to intense visible and ultraviolet radiation •Larger size and greater complexity evolved in chlorophytes by 1.The formation of colonies from individual cells 2.The formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation (e.g., Ulva) 3.The repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division (e.g., Caulerpa) |  | 26 |
| 15876594675 | photoautotrophs | contain chloroplasts, photosynthesize; algae | 27 | |
| 15876598339 | chemoheterotrophs | absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles; protozoans | 28 | |
| 15876896073 | Plastid Evolution: Primary Endosymbiosis | •Mitochondria evolved once by endosymbiosis of an alpha proteobacterium •The plastid lineage evolved later from a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote -Chloroplasts contain 70s ribosomes -Plastid DNA relict reduced bacterial chromosome -Endosymbiont gene transfer to nuclear genome •The plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into red and green algae -Chloroplasts have 2 membranes |  | 29 |
| 15876896074 | Secondary Endosymbiosis (c) and (d) | •On several occasions during eukaryotic evolution, red and green algae underwent secondary endosymbiosis, in which they were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote -For example, chlorarachniophytes likely evolved when a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed a green alga -The engulfed cell contains a vestigial nucleus called a nucleomorph -Surrounded by 3 or 4 membranes |  | 30 |
| 15908456337 | Termite microfauna | •Termites cannot digest cellulose •Symbiotic inhabitants of Termite guts containing endosymbiotic bacteria that digest cellulose •Hindgut symbionts -Protozoa -Trichonympha shaerica -Cannot digest cellulose •Protozoal Endosymbionts -Bacteria -Digest cellulose •Ectosymbionts -Spirochetes as flagella |  | 31 |
| 15908485122 | Stramenopiles | •clade includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth •Most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum •Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae |  | 32 |
| 15908495511 | CA Dungeness Crab Season Delayed by Toxic Domoic Acid Levels | •Domoic acid is a neurotoxin •Safe levels 20-300 ppm •This year 190 ppm •Pseudo-nitzschia •Accumulates in crab •In humans causes nausea, dizziness, short term memory loss within 1-24 hours •Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning •Commercial Dungeness Fishery $60 million per year •Crab industry currently suing Chevron for loss of earnings due to global warming |  | 33 |
| 15908506038 | Life cycle of Laminaria |  | 34 | |
| 15908509950 | Oomycota | •Water molds •Stramenopiles •Zoospores have flagella distinguishing them from fungi •Cellulose cell wall •Plant Parasites •Phythophtora infestans -Potato Blight -Irish Potato Famine •Phythophtora ramorum -Sudden Oak Death |  | 35 |
| 15908523339 | Algal Phyla |  | 36 | |
| 15908530643 | Malaria | •The apicomplexan Plasmodium is the parasite that causes malaria •Plasmodium requires both mosquitoes and humans to complete its life cycle •Approximately 900,000 people die each year from malaria •Efforts are ongoing to develop vaccines that target this pathogen •Range of Anopheles mosquitoes predicted to expand due to Global Warming | 37 | |
| 15908536094 | Life Cycle of Plasmodium |  | 38 | |
| 15908590852 | Algae | •Unicellular or multicellular photoautotrophs •No true tissues •Protists NOT plants •Polyphyletic: •Archaeplastida -Red and Green •Green algae ancestors of land plants •Excavata -Genus Euglena •SAR Clade -Brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates | 39 | |
| 15908599548 | Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants | •Plastids arose when a heterotrophic protist acquired a cyanobacterial endosymbiont •The photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into red algae and green algae •Land plants are descended from the green algae Chlorophyta •Archaeplastida is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants |  | 40 |
| 15908607526 | Rhodophyta | •Calcified corraline algae form reefs •Gelidium -Source of agar •Carrageenan -Commercial thickeners vegan alternative to gelatin -Ice cream, beauty products •Porphyra -nori | 41 | |
| 15908621563 | Algal Life Cycle | •Asexual Reproduction -Fragmentation •Multicellular algae -Cell division •Unicellular algae •Sexual reproduction •Alteration of generation |  | 42 |
| 15908624660 | Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals | •The supergroup Unikonta includes animals, fungi, and some protists •This group includes two clades: the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts (animals and choanoflagellates, and fungi, and related nucleariids) •Superkingdom based upon molecular evidence; myosin proteins, genes, and genomes. •Amoebozoans are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia •They include slime molds, tubulinids, and entamoebas |  | 43 |
| 15908628667 | The Root of the Eukaryotic Tree | •Which SuperGroup of Eukaryotes is the most primitive? •Alexandra Stechmann and Tom Cavalier-Smith (2002) •Studied genes for 2 enzymes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: •DHFR (DiHydroFolate Reductase) and TS (Thymidylate Synthase) •Genes separate in prokaryotes (ancestral condition) and Unikonts, but fused (derived trait) in other Eukaryotic Supergroups •Suggests Unikonts branched off before gene fusion event |  | 44 |
| 15908636750 | Gratuitous Slime Mold GIFS | •Formerly miss-classified as fungi •Absorptive decomposers •Mycetozoan group of the Amoebozoa •Form stalked spore dispersing structures | 45 | |
| 15908639463 | Plasmodial Slime Molds | •Fuligo septica •Dogs Vomit Slime Mold •One plasma membrane with many nucleii a super cell or plasmodium (lower case) •Differentiates into a fruiting body that produces haploid spores by meiosis •Spores are either flagellated or amoeboid fuse forming diploid zygotes |  | 46 |
| 15908642130 | Cellular Slime Molds | •Dictostelid Social Amoeba •Primarily exist as haploid unicellular individual amoebas feeding on bacteria •Divide by mitosis asexual reproduction •Sexual reproduction two haploid amoeba fuse forming a zygote •Aggregate into a multicellular mass when stimulated by a chemical signal when food scarce •Migrate and form stalk asexual spores produced |  | 47 |
| 15908644767 | Tubulinids | •Large cells 200um •Forms tentacle-like pseudopodia both for feeding and motility •Heterotrophs feeding on bacteria and other protists •Amoeba proteus | 48 | |
| 15908647691 | Entamoebas | •Internal parasites or commensals of animals •Anaerobic lack mitochondria •Trophozoite feeding stage •Transmission via cysts •Feces contaminated water •Amoebic dysentry •Entamoeba histolytica |  | 49 |
| 15908651194 | Geoffrey Tandy Cryptogamist | •A cryptogamist is an expert in non-flowering, spore producing plants, including seaweeds •Tandy mistakenly hired as a cyrptogramist, and expert in codes to Bletchly Park where British Intelligence tried to break the German Enigma Code •In 1941 a German U-boat was torpedoed and code books were salvaged. •Tandy was able to use his algae preservation skills to dry and preserve the soden pages to they could be deciphered | 50 | |
| 15908653438 | Photosynthetic Protists | •Many protists are important producers that obtain energy from the sun •In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes are the main producers •Globally algae responsible for 30% of photosynthesis, prokaryotes contribute 20% •Land plants only responsible for 50% of global photosynthesis •In aquatic environments, photosynthetic protists are limited by nutrients •These populations can explode when limiting nutrients are added |  | 51 |
| 15908655847 | Global Warming and Phytoplankton | •Biomass of photosynthetic protists has declined as sea surface temperature has increased •Growth of phytoplankton communities relies on nutrients delivered from the ocean bottom through the process of upwelling •Warm surface water acts as a barrier to upwelling •If sea surface temperature continues to warm due to global warming, this could have large effects on -Marine ecosystems -Fishery yields -The global carbon cycle |  | 52 |
