Descent into the Abyss: WW1 and the Crisis of the European Global Order
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| 283373913 | The Great War | Another name for WWI, used by Europeans until the advent of World War II. | 0 | |
| 283373914 | Archduke Ferdinand | Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne; his assassination precipitated the events that developed into WWI. | 1 | |
| 283373915 | Kaiser Wilhelm II | German emporer in WWI; his aggressive foreign policy is often blamed for starting the war. | 2 | |
| 283373916 | Tsar Nicholas II | Last emporer of Russia whose poor military and political decisions let to his downfall and Russia's loss in the war; he and Wilhelm II made many moves that led to start of the war. | 3 | |
| 283373917 | Triple Alliance | Military and political alliance formed before WWI to counter moves by potential rivals England, France, and Russia; consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. | 4 | |
| 283373918 | Triple Entente | Military and political alliance formed before WWI by England, France, and Russia; created to challenge moves made by the Triple Alliance | 5 | |
| 283373919 | The Great Powers | The industrialized, colonizing nations of Europe before WWI; includes England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy; their rivalries led to the war. | 6 | |
| 283373920 | Allied Forces | Name used by countries fighting the Central Powers; major members were Britain, France, Russia, and Italy; later in the war, the U.S. and Japan joined their cause. | 7 | |
| 283373921 | Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were the chief powers at war with the Allies. | 8 | |
| 283373922 | blank check | promise of support from Germany to Austria-Hungary after Ferdinand's assassination; Austria-Hungary sought reprisals against Serbia; one of many events that cascaded into global war. | 9 | |
| 283373923 | Western front | war zone that ran from Belgium to Switzerland during WWI; feat. trench warfare and massive casualties among the combatants, including Britain, France, Russia, and Belgium; later included U.S. | 10 | |
| 283373924 | trench warfare | a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. | 11 | |
| 283373925 | Eastern front | war zone that ran from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Balkan nations fought. | 12 | |
| 283373926 | Battle of the Marne | Marne River near Paris, France, where Germany's early offensive was halted and thrown back; set the stafe for four years of trench warfare on the Western front. | 13 | |
| 283373927 | Battle of Jutland | Site of the war's major sea battle between Germany and Britain off Denmark's coast; German sea prowess was limited after this encounter | 14 | |
| 283373928 | Battle of Gallipoli | Australian soldiers in support of the British were decimated by Turkish and German soldiers at this battle near the Dardanelles. | 15 | |
| 283373929 | Treaty of Versailles | wide-ranging postwar conference that promoted much of Wilson's idealistic plan for peace but at the same time blamed and punished Germany for starting the war; included creation of a League of Nations, an international organization designed to prevent further war. | 16 | |
| 283375759 | Big Four | The major Allied leaders who made all of the important decisions at the Peace Conference at Versailles. Georges Clemensau (France), Woodrow Wilson(U.S.), Vittorio Orlando(Italy), David Lloyd George(Britain). | 17 | |
| 283375760 | Woodrow Wilson | American president who initially claimed neutrality in the war but later joined the Allied cause; his Fourteen Points and American fighting forces hastened an Allied victory; one of the Big Four at Versailles. | 18 | |
| 283386304 | George Clemanceau | French premier at Versailles peace conference who insisted on punishing Germany after the war; one of the Big Four. | 19 | |
| 283386305 | David Lloyd George | British Prime Minister at Versailles who attempted to mediate between Wilson's "peace without victory" stand and Clemenceau's but with only partial success. | 20 | |
| 283386306 | armistice | all sides agreed to lay down their weapons without declaring victory; promoted by Woodrow Wilson to end the fighting; concept later rejected by France and Britain. | 21 | |
| 283386307 | stab in the back | myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspirred to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920's. | 22 | |
| 283386308 | self-determination | Wilson called for national independence from colonial rule before Versailles; this encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe. | 23 | |
| 283386309 | Ho Chi Minh | Young nationalist from Vietname seeking self-determination for his country at Versailles; was ignored, like many representatives from Asian/African colonies who were there. | 24 | |
| 283386310 | Indian Congress Party | Nationalist group in India that called from independence from Britain; led by Western-educated Indian elites; led India in the early postcolonial era. | 25 | |
| 283386311 | Mohandas Gandhi | Successful leader of the Indian nationalist movement who combined religious, social, and political know-how into a massive nonviolent campaign. | 26 | |
| 283386312 | mandates | the Treaty of Versailles established British or French control over territories formerly held by Germany and the Ottoman Empire; especially important in regard to Arab areas after the war. | 27 | |
| 283386313 | Ataturk | (a.k.a. Mustaga Kemal) Postwar leader of Turkey who launched sweeping reforms, including women's suffrage and a Latin-based alphabet. | 28 | |
| 283386314 | Zionists | Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. | 29 | |
| 283386315 | Lord Balfour | British foreign secretary who pledged in a declaration the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which encouraged Jewish nationalists and angered Arabs. | 30 | |
| 283386316 | Gamal Abdel Nasser | Led a military coup in Egypt in 1952; ruled until 1970; established himself as a major Arab force in the Middle East. | 31 | |
| 283386317 | pan-Africanism | movement begun in the 1920's to promote African nationalism and unity; did much to arouse anticolonial sentiment. | 32 |
