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Chapter 28 Protists Flashcards

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338504798five supergroups of ProtistaExcavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
338504799endosymbiosisunicellulular organisms engulf other cells. Which become endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell
338504800What evidence do we have that secondary endosymbiosis really took place?1) DNA of plastid genes of red and green algae resemble DNA of cyanobacteria 2) two membranes
338504801Excavata and three Typessupergroup of protists with excavated feeding groove, include the diplomonads, parabasalids and euglenozoans
338504802Diplomonadsfrom excavata, lack plastids and have modified mitochondria aka mitosomes, have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella and many are parasites
338504803Parabasalidsclade of excavata, lack plastids, have reduced mitochondria aka hydrogenosomes
338504804Diplomonadsclade of excavata, lack plastids and have modified mitochondria aka mitosomes, have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella and many are parasites
338504805Giardia intestinalisdiplomonad (excavata) parasite aka giardia lambia, lives in the intestines of mammals, in the feces of contaminated water
338504806Trichomonas vaginalisparabasalid (excavata) inhabits the vagina of human females.
338504807Euglenozoansclade of excavata, spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella, includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
3385048082 types of euglenozoanskinetoplastids and euglenids
338504809Kinetoplastidsclade of euglenozoans (excavata), have kinetoplast, symbiotic or pathogenic
338504810Trypanosoma cruzikinetoplastid (euglenozoan, excavata) causes Chagas' disease, which is transmitted by bloodsucking bugs leads to congestive heart failure
338537676Euglenidsclade of euglenozoans (excavata), pocket at one end where one or two flagella emerge, mixotrophs, Store the glucose polymer paramylon
338537677Chromalveolata and two typesprotist supergroup of alveolates and stramenopiles
338537678Alveolateshave alveoli, small membrane-bound cavities, under the plasma membrane
3385376793 types of alveolatesdinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates.
338537680Dinoflagellatesmarine and freshwater phytoplankton reinforced by internal plates of cellulose, two flagella sit in perpendicular grooves in the "armor" and produce a spinning movement
338537681Dinoflagellate bloomstoxic and can cause "red tides" in coastal waters, the blooms are brownish red or pinkish orange because of the carotenoids in the plastids
338537682Apicomplexansclade of alveolates (chromalveolata) parasites, have apicoplast, named b/c one end of the sporozoite, the apex, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells & tissues, they have intricate life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages and often require two or more different host species for completion
338537683Plasmodium falciparumapicomplexan of clade alveolates of supergroup chromalveolata, causes malaria
338537684Ciliatesclade of alveolates, (chromalveolata) named for their use of cilia to move and feed, have two types of nuclei, one or more large macronuclei and tiny micronuclei
338537685Stramenopilesclade of supergroup chromalveolata AKA heterokonts, usually have a "hairy" flagellum is paired with a smooth flagellum
3385376864 Types of stramenopilesdiatoms, brown algae, golden algae and oomycetes
338537687Oomycetesheterotrophic stramenopiles (chromalveolata) Have hyphae that facilitate nutrient uptake, cell walls of cellulose, no longer have plastids and dont perform photosynthesis, they are the decomposers or parasites
3385376883 Types of oomycetesinclude water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews
338537689Phytophthora infestansdowny mildew, oomycete (stramenopile, chromalveolata) caused potato famine/blight
338537690Diatomsaka bacilliarophyta, unicellular algae with glasslike silica walls in an organic matrix, fossilized diatoms are major constituents of diatomaceous earth
338537691Diatoms reproductionasexually by mitosis with each daughter cell receiving half of the cell wall and regenerating a new second half, fossilized diatoms are major constituents of diatomaceous earth
338537692Golden Algaeaka chrysophytes, named for their yellow and brown carotenoids, most photosynthetic, some species are mixotrophic, biflagellated
338537693Brown Algaeaka seaweeds or phaeophytes, largest, most complex protists known, all are multicellular, and most species are marine (stramenopile of chromalveolata supergroup)
338537694thallusconsists of rootlike HOLDFAST and a stemlike STIPE which supports the BLADES
338537695Laminaria("kombu" in Japan) in soup, brown algae
338537696Porphyra(Japanese "nori") for sushi wraps.
345795069alternation of generationsA life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.
345795070heteromorphicsporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different
345795071isomorphicsporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.
345795072rhizariaconsists of species of amoebas which have pseudopodia that are threadlike shape
345795073amoebaA type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.
3457950742 rhizarians cladesforams and radiolarians
345795075foramsaka foraminiferans, have porous shells made of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate
345795076testsporous shells of forams
345795077radiolarianshave delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silica
345795078archaeplastidaOne of five supergroups of eukaryotes descended from an ancient protist ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium.
3457950793 clades of archaplastidaincludes red algae, green alage, and land plants,
345795080Red algaeaka rhodophytes, reddish b/c of phycoerythrin, located in tropical waters
345795081green algaenamed for their grass-green chloroplasts
3457950822 groups of green algaechlorophytes and charophyceans
345795083Large size and complexity in chlorophytes has evolved by three different mechanismsFormation of colonies of individual cells (e.g., Volvox). 2. The repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division to form multinucleate filaments (e.g., Caulerpa). 3. The formation of true multicellular forms by cell division and cell differentiation (e.g., Ulva).
345795084unikontaOne of five supergroups of eukaryotes this clade consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts
3457950853 types of amoebazoansslime molds, entamoebas and gymnamoeabs
346253628AmoebazoansType of unikont, have lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia
346253629Slime moldsAka mycetozoans, type of amoebazoans either plasmodial slime molds or cellular slime molds
346253630Plasmodial slime moldBrightly colored, often yellow or orange, feeding stage is a plasmodium, cytoplasmic streaming for distributing nutrients throughout plasmodium, and produces fruiting bodies when dry or food scarce
346253631Cellular slime moldFeeding stage is solitary cells but when food scarce they aggregate to function as a unit but still maintains its identity
346253632GymnamoebasHeterotrophs that consume bacteria and other protests or detritus, common in soil or marine freshwater and marine environments, type of amoebazoan
346253633DetritusNonliving organic matter
346253634EntamoebasFree-living but mostly parasitic, type of amoebazoan
346253635Opisthokonts...
348385920kinetoplastsingle large mitochondrion that contains organized mass of DNA
348385921Trypanosoma bruceicauses African sleeping sickness, a disease spread by the African tsetse fly
348385922apicoplastnonphotosynthetic plasmid
348385923ciliate reproductionreproduce asexually by binary fission, macronucleus disintegrates and new one forms from micronucleus
348385924postelsiasea palm, brown algae
348385925pfisteria shumwayaedinoflagellate of alveolate clade of chromalveolata supergroup
348385926peridimiumdinoflagellate of alveolate clade of chromalveolata supergroup
348385927stentorciliate of alveolate clade of chromalveolata supergroup
348385928vorticellaciliate of alveolate clade of chromalveolata supergroup
348385929synura peterseniidiatom
348385930cyclotelladiatom
348385931triceratium morlandiidiatom
348385932thalassiosira weisfloggidiatom
348385933asterionella formosadiatom
348385934dinobryon steulariagolden algae
348385935hyphaemultinucleate filaments
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