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| 3930519769 | American Revolution (Causes) | • The thirteen British colonies in North America resented legislation passed by the British Parliament levying taxes to pay off their debts accumulated during the Seven Years/French and Indian War and infringing on their rights. • Under the banner "No taxation without representation" they sought the right to govern themselves. • In 1774, the Continental Congress was formed to oversee the colonist's anti-British actions, and on July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration of Independence. • The declaration, greatly influenced by the Enlightenment thinking, provided the colonists with a justification for seeking independence from the crown, arguing that government is based on the consent of the governed and that the purpose of government is to protect and secure the rights of its citizens. |  | 0 |
| 3930525522 | American Revolution: (Impact) | • War began, and with the aid of France, the colonists forced the British to surrender in 1781. • Following the end of the war, the newly formed United States of America emerged as a federal republic with a government based on popular sovereignty. • This revolution had an enormous influence on subsequent revolutions around the world, most notably the French and Haitian revolutions. |  | 1 |
| 3930533815 | French Revolution (Causes) | • In 1789, King Lois XVI summoned representatives to a meeting of the Estates General to convince them of the necessity of raising taxes • France was deeply in debt as the result of excessive domestic and foreign spending • Representatives from the Third Estate, Which equaled over 95 percent of the population, met with the king to convince him to approve extensive social, economic, and political reforms that would accord them more rights and protections. With each of the three estates receiving one vote, a favorable outcome was unlikely • In June 1789, the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves the national Assembly. The following month, with the storming of the Bastille, revolution spread from the streets of Paris to the peasants in the country • Under the banner "life, liberty, and fraternity," the National assembly wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which identified the natural rights of citizens, stated the equality of all men, and expressed the belief that sovereignty belonged to the people |  | 2 |
| 3930538605 | National Assembly | • In June 1789, the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves the national Assembly. • Greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and the successes of the American Revolution • Under the banner "life, liberty, and fraternity," the National assembly wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which identified the natural rights of citizens, stated the equality of all men, and expressed the belief that sovereignty belonged to the people • A new constitution adopted in 1791 established a constitutional monarchy, allowing the king to retain some power • Unhappiness with this new form of government led to the creation of a new constitution and the end of the National Assembly |  | 3 |
| 3930546255 | French Revolution: Convention to Napoleon | • A new constitution gave the convention the power to govern; the convention abolished the monarchy • A group of radicals seized control and, the committee on Public safety was created; led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins jailed and killed anyone suspected of antirevolutionary though or action • A new constitution, drawn up in 1795, ended this phase of the revolution and led to the creation of the five-man Directory. • The Directory lost power in a 1799 coup d'etat led by General Napoleon Bonaparte, who named himself emperor in 1804 and began to conquer France's neighbors • Napoleon ruled until 1814; the following year the congress of Vienna met and restored the monarchy to France | 4 | |
| 3930548820 | Napoleon Bonaparte | • A general in the French army who gained control of France in a coup d'etat in 1799, seizing control from the Directory, a small group of governing aristocrats • He instituted a new constitution and crowned himself emperor in 1804 • His political and social reforms brought much needed stability to a country that had been in the midst of revolution since 1789 • His civil code extended political and legal equality to all adult men, and religious tolerations was promoted • His armies conquered much of Europe, and monarchs across the continent were replaced with Napoleon's family members • His invasion of Russia in 1812 ended in disaster when his troops were unable to continue fighting in the harsh conditions of a bitter cold Russian winter • After his failure in Russia, Napoleon's enemies, led by the British, forced him into exile in 1814 |  | 5 |
| 3930553402 | Congress of Vienna | • A meeting held from 1814 to 1815 in Vienna and attended by representatives of the nations that had defeated Napoleon Bonaparte. • The goal was to restore Europe to the way it was prior to the French Revolution • Led by prince Metternich of Austria, the representatives wanted to reestablished boundaries, restore legitimate monarchs, and negotiate a balance of power in hopes of preventing any one nation in Europe from ever gaining too much power • An unstated goal of the congress was to limit growing nationalistic desires, which had emerged as a strong new force after the French Revolution |  | 6 |
| 3930558812 | Latin American Independence Movements | • The American and French Revolutions and the ideas of the enlightenment inspired independence movements in Latin America • Beginning with a successful slave revolt, Haiti was the first nation in Latin America to declare its independence (1804) • Creole leaders, resentful of the power and privileges of the peninsulares, spread revolutionary ideas throughout Spanish and Portuguese colonies • The majority of Spanish and Portuguese colonies gained their independence in the early 1800s, taking advantage of Napoleon's invasion of Europe |  | 7 |
| 3930564638 | Simon Bolivar | • A creole from South America who led to a successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule • Inspired by Enlightenment ideas and the success of the American and French revolutions • For over a decade he led military campaigns against the Spanish, ultimately winning independence for Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia • Together with Jose de San Martin, he gained independence for Argentina and Chile • Hoped to unify the independent nations into a single state, Gran Colombia, but was unsuccessful |  | 8 |
| 3930568158 | Haitian Revolution | • The French colony of Saint Domingue was the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence. • Begun as a slave revolt in which enslaved Africans rebelled against French settlers. • Leaders such as Toussaint-Louverture, a slave himself, organized the rebellious Africans into an army. • Fearful that the slaves might succeed in overthrowing the white settlers, Napoleon sent French troops to the island to put down the revolt. • In 1804, Saint Domingue declared its independence; renamed Haiti, it became the first republic in Latin America. |  | 9 |
| 3930573472 | Toussaint-Louverture | • A slave who helped lead a revolt in Haiti against white settlers. • In 1802, French troops were ordered to put down the rebellion and Toussaint was captured and eventually died in a French prison. • The rebellion continue after his death, and in 1804, Haiti declared its independence. |  | 10 |
| 3930581286 | Nationalism | • Feeling of pride in one's nation. • The sense of pride in one's national identity played a significant role in political movements throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries, including during the French Revolution and the unification movements in Germany and Italy. |  | 11 |
| 3931172057 | John Locke | Enlightenment thinker whose ideas influenced many revolutions in the 1700-early 1900's (Governments job is to protect peoples natural rights) |  | 12 |
| 3931191341 | George Washington | *Led the American colonies to victory in the American Revolutionary War. *Was the 1st president of the United States |  | 13 |
| 3931202785 | Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette | The king and queen of France who were beheaded during the French Revolution |  | 14 |
| 3931208508 | Maximilien Robespierre | Was in charge of the committee of public safety during the French Revolution and launched the Reign of Terror in France (mass executions) |  | 15 |
