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| 12795636424 | Industrialization | refers to a process that transformed agrarian and handi-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture |  | 0 |
| 12795636425 | Technological developments | Made it possible to produce goods by machines rather than by hand and that harnessed inanimate sources of energy such as COAL and PETROLEUM | 1 | |
| 12795636426 | Organizational changes | accompanied technological developments | 2 | |
| 12795636427 | End of 19th century | The factory had become the predominant site of industrial production in Europe, the United States, and Japan. | 3 | |
| 12795636428 | Mid 19th century | Many giant corporations had joined together to control trade through trusts and cartels | 4 | |
| 12795636429 | High population | encouraged occupational specialization and permitted many individuals to work at tasks other than cultivation | 5 | |
| 12795636430 | Ecological obstacles | SOIL DEPLETION & DEFORESTATION threatened continued population growth and consumption levels. | 6 | |
| 12795636431 | coal | played a crucial role in the industrialization of Great Britian. |  | 7 |
| 12795636432 | wood | until the 18th century it had served as the primary source of fuel for iron production, home eaing, and cooking. | 8 | |
| 12795636433 | Substitution of coal for wood | The fortunate conjunction of COAL deposits and e skills necessary to extract this fuel encouraged the substitution of coal for wood, thus creating a promisingf ramework for industrialization | 9 | |
| 12795636434 | calicoes | inexpensive, brightly printed textiles imported. Cotton cloth became the pricapal fabric of european clothes before the 19th century. |  | 10 |
| 12795636435 | British wool producers | persuaded parliament to pass a series of laws to protect the domestic wool industry because they were threatened by the popularity of cotton products. | 11 | |
| 12795636436 | The Calico Act | Act of 1720 and 1721 prohibited imports of printed cotton cloth and restricted the sale of calicoes at home. | 12 | |
| 12795636437 | Increase of cotton production | Demand for cotton was so trong that producers had to speed up spinning and weaving to supply growing domestic and foreign markets. to increase production, they turned to inventions that rapidly mechaized the cotton textile industry. |  | 13 |
| 12795636438 | 1730s | artisans began to develop labor-saving devices for spinning and weaving cotton, thereby moving away from hand0based techniques derived from wool and linen industries. | 14 | |
| 12795636439 | John Kay | a mechanic that invented the flying shuttle. This device speeded up the weaving process and stimulated demand for thread. | 15 | |
| 12795636440 | Samuel Crompton | The most important invention was samuel crompton's "mule," built in 1799. Adapted for steam power by 1790, the mule became the device of choice for spinning cotton. | 16 | |
| 12795636441 | Edmund Cartwright | 1785 a clergyman without training or experience in either mechanics or textiles, patented a water-driven power loom that inaugurated an era of mechanical weaving. |  | 17 |
| 12795636442 | 1830 | half a million people worked in cotton business, Britians leading industry, which accounted for 40 percent of exports. | 18 | |
| 12795636443 | James Watt | inventor of the most crucial technological break through of the early industrial era, the development of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765, an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. |  | 19 |
| 12795636444 | horsepower | Watt's contemporaries used the term horsepower to measure the energy generated by his steam engine, which did the work numerous animals. | 20 | |
| 12795636445 | Henry Bessemer | Built a refined blast furnace known as the Bessemer converter that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities. | 21 | |
| 12795636446 | George | a self educated englishman, built the fisrt steam powered locomotive. | 22 |
