A test right after a break.. really
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| 320241431 | New Freedom | Wilson's new progressive platform for the election of 1912 Promised to return state gov to the people Called for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, tariff reductions Favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets Liked fragmentation of the big industrial combines by vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws Election of 1912 offered voters a choice of political and economic philosophies | |
| 320241432 | Bull Moose Campaign | Roosevelt nominated by Jane Addams (showed rising status of women) Practically guaranteed a Democratic victory b/c he split the ballot with Taft Campaign: New Nationalism | |
| 320241433 | New Nationalism | state-interventionists reform program by Herbert Croly (see The Promise of American Life); didn't object to consolidation of trusts and labor unions; wanted to make stronger regulatory agencies to make sure that they served public interest, not just private gain Wanted woman suffrage, broad program of social welfare (minimum wage laws & a "socialistic" social insurance") | |
| 320241434 | The Promise of American Life | Favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions; paralleled by growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington | |
| 320241435 | Future of the Progressive party | It had none. Had been a one-man show & had only elected a few candidates to state and local offices (Socialists elected more than a thousand!!) Had no patronage rewards to hand out to workers | |
| 320241436 | Woodrow Wilson | Born in Virginia, sympathized w/the Confederacy's cause and the South; shared Jefferson's faith in the masses Relied on sincerity and moral appeal (had so much righteousness that he had issues making compromises); believed the chief executive should play a dynamic role Lacked the common touch and hated stupid senators Lots of idealism, not very flexible Assaulted the "triple wall of privilege:" tariff, banks, trusts | |
| 320241437 | Underwood Tariff | Wilson appeared before Congress and made a speech & the House was impressed by his strong leadership Reduced rates substantially; reduced import fees and was a landmark in tax legislation; enacted a graduated income tax (began w/modest levy on incomes over $3,000) | |
| 320241438 | Banking Reform | Most serious shortcoming of the bank: its inelastic currency 1908: Congress authorized investigation led by Republican senator Aldrich --> 3 years later he recommended a huge bank w/lots of branches (a 3rd Bank of the US) Democratic banking reformers listened to Arsene Pujo; blamed American banking and business | |
| 320241439 | Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It (1914) | By Louis D. Brandeis; progressive-minded Massachusetts attorney; fanned the flames of reform | |
| 320241440 | Federal Reserve Act (1913) | Created the Federal Reserve Board: appointed by the president & oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts (each had own central bank) the regional banks were owned by member financial institutions but the final authority of the FRB guaranteed some public control Could issue paper money ("Federal Reserve Notes") backed by commercial paper (like promissory notes of business people) | |
| 320241441 | Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) | Empowered a committee (appointed by the pres) to search industries engaged in interstate commerce; wanted to crush monopoly by getting rid of unfair trade practices (unlawful competition, false advertisement, mislabeling, adulteration, bribery) | |
| 320241442 | Clayton Anti-Trust Act | Added price discrimination and interlocking directorates to the list of objectionable practices gave some benefits on labor: exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution; legalized strikes and peaceful picketing called "magna carta of labor" by Samuel Gompers | |
| 320241443 | Holding companies | Crushed by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act; helped interlocking directorates | |
| 320241444 | More Wilson reforms | Federal Farm Loan Act: made credit available to farmers @ low interest rates (demanded by Populists) Warhouse Act of 1916: authorized loans on the security of staple crops (idea by Populists again) Other laws: provided for highway construction, established agricultural extension work in state colleges La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915: required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships (unfortunate result: freight rates went up) Approved an act restricting child labor on products coming into interstate commerce (SC invalidated it soon after...) No better treatment for blacks | |
| 320241445 | Workingmen's Compensation Act | Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during disability | |
| 320241446 | Adamson Act | Established 8-hour workday for workers on trains in interstate commerce, got overtime pay | |
| 320241447 | Wilson & dollar diplomacy | Hated it - suspicious of Wall Street, and didn't want an aggressive foreign policy Declared war on dollar diplomacy - America wouldn't offer special support to investors in Latin America and China; American bankers pulled out of a loan to China | |
| 320241448 | Jones Act | Granted Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable gov could be established more imperialism by the US?? | |
| 320241449 | 1913 crisis w/Japan | California prohibited the Japanese from owning farmland; Tokyo protested & American gunners in the Philippines were on alert Wilson sent William Jennings Bryan to plead w/California legislature to ease up, tensions eased | |
| 320241450 | Turmoil in Haiti | Outraged people tore their brutal president to death, and Wilson sent out the marines to protect American lives and property (remained for 19 years... Haiti became an American protectorate) Wilson concluded a treaty w/Haiti providing for US supervision of finances & the police | |
| 320241451 | Wilson in the Caribbean | Sent marines to quell riots in the Dominican Republic, looked over it for 8 years Purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in the West Indies | |
| 320241452 | Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico | Mexico had been exploited by investors in oil, railroads, and mines; Mexico was rich but the people were poor :( Revolted! murdered the popular revolutionary president and put an Indian, General Victoriano Huerta, as president Massive immigration of Mexicans to the US --> created a unique borderland culture Revolutionaries menaced American lives and property; William Randolph Hearst & others called for American intervention & war; Wilson refused dollar diplomacy, wanted a moral course Kicked out his aggressive ambassador, imposed an arms embargo, refused to recognize the murderous gov of Huerta Tampico: some American sailors were arrested; Mexicans let them go and apologized but refused to to the salute of 21 guns; Wilson asked Congress for the authority to use force against Mexico --> ordered navy to seize Veracruz to stop a German steamer carrying weapons for Huerta ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) offered mediation , Huerta collapsed & succeeded by rival Venustiano Carranza "Pancho" Villa (kinda like the Mexican Robin Hood) rivaled Carranza, supported reluctantly by Wilson; however, his men killed 16 young Americans; hoped to provoke war b/t Wilson and Carranza so they murdered some more Americans -___- General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing ordered to break up the group; mauled Villa's supporters but missed capturing Villa Forced to withdraw because of the threat of war w/Germany | |
| 320241453 | Crisis in Europe/Start of WWI | Sarajevo: A serbian patriot killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary; Vienna government outraged, presented ultimatum to Serbia Serbia refused to listen to the ultimatum --> Russian tsar mobilized troops --> menaced Germany on the east (France was also confronting Germany on the west) --> alarmed Germans struct at France through neutral Belgium (wanted to knock the other enemy out of action so they could focus on Russia) --> Great Britain threatened by attack on Belgium, pulled into the conflict on the side of France | |
| 320241454 | Central Powers | Germany and Austria-Hungary | |
| 320241455 | Allies | France, Britain, Russia, and later Japan and Italy | |
| 320241456 | Appeal of GB & Germany to US | British: had cultural, linguistic, economic ties to America; controlled most of the transatlantic cables, transmitted stories to America on the side of the Allies (told tales of German bestiality, etc) Germans and Austro-Hungarians: counted on neutrality of Americans; had lots of people w/blood ties to the Central Powers in America | |
| 320241457 | American opinion of war | Anti-German from the start (the Kaiser seemed to embody arrogant autocracy, while German and Austrian agents resorted to violence in American factories and ports); a German operative also left documents detailing plans for industrial sabotage on an elevator (lolol) **However, the majority of Americans wanted to stay neutral and stay out of the war** | |
| 320241458 | Causes of American prosperity during war | British and French war orders Boom partly financed by American bankers (JP Morgan and Company); central powers protested against trade b/t Allies and America (didn't violate neutrality laws though!) | |
| 320241459 | How GB stopped American and German trade | British controlled the sea-lanes, and blockaded mines and ships across the North Sea (gateway to German ports) began forcing American vessels off the seas and into their ports; harassment of American ships | |
| 320241460 | U-boats | German submarines; sank 90 ships in the war zone in the first few months of the war | |
| 320241461 | Lusitania | British passenger liner that was torpedoed, sank on May 7, 1915; 128 Americans died Germans justified the sinking by saying the ship was carrying 4200 cases of small-arms ammunition; Americans, however, were still shocked and angered; the eastern United States wanted war but the rest of the US was distasteful of hostilities; Wilson still didn't want war, so sent very strong notes to Germany (lol) After they sank another British liner (the Arabic) w/2 Americans dead, Germany agreed not to sink unarmed and unresisting passenger ships without warning | |
| 320241462 | German Sussex Pledge | Germany violated the pledge not to sink ships without warning after they sank a French passenger steamer (the Sussex) Wilson was angry, told Germany that unless they renounced the practice of sinking ships without warning, he'd break diplomatic relations - prelude to war! Germany agreed, as long as the US persuaded the Allies to modify what Germany saw as an illegal blockade Wilson accepted it, but secretly didn't accept Germany's condition | |
| 320241463 | Election of 1916 | Progressives renominated TR, but he refused to return --> death of the Progressive party The Republican Old Guard nominated SC justice Charles Evans Hughes; solid liberal record while governor of New York Republican platform: condemned Democratic tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's wishy-washiness (lolololol) in dealing w/Mexico and Germany In anti-German areas, Hughes insulted Wilson for not standing up to the kaiser; in isolationist areas, Hughes took a softer approach Roosevelt didn't like Hughes, likened him to Wilson Wilson: ignored Hughes, campaign built on slogan "He Kept Us Out of War;" however, didn't explicitly promise to keep them out of war Election day: Hughes swept the East, seemed ready to win, but the rest of the country turned the tide and elected Wilson (were attracted by his progressive reforms and antiwar policies); the election depended on California, and eventually Wilson won Wilson received lots of support from the working class and renegade bull moosers |
