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| 12714142998 | What was Plato's main assertions about the head versus the heart? | Plato believed that the mind and was located in the brain in the spherical head—his idea of the perfect form. | 0 | |
| 12714146691 | What was Aristotle's main assertions about the head versus the heart? | Aristotle believed the mind was in the heart, which pumps warmth and vitality to the body. People function and feel emotions in their brains and not the heart. | 1 | |
| 12714160984 | Franz Gall | early german comparative brain anatomist physician; developed phrenology | 2 | |
| 12714162280 | Phrenology | The study of the conformation (bumps) of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental abilities and character traits. IT DOES NOT WORK | 3 | |
| 12714187958 | Localization of Function | specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions | 4 | |
| 12714195936 | Biological psychology | the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes | 5 | |
| 12714207411 | Biopsychosocial systems | a system composed of subsystems that are in turn composed of even smaller subsystems. Tiny cells organize to form body organs. These organs form larger systems for digestion, circulation, and information processing. And those systems are part of an even larger system—the individual, who in turn is a part of a family, culture, and community. | 6 | |
| 12714223197 | Neurons | Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. They are the basic building blocks of the nervous system |  | 7 |
| 12714231060 | Dendrites | a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 8 | |
| 12714232958 | Axon | A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body into axon terminals. They can be very long. | 9 | |
| 12714237538 | Axon Terminals | Threadlike branches of an axon that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body and sends information to other neurons, muscles, or glands | 10 | |
| 12714258841 | Myelin sheath | A layer of fatty tissue segment-ally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. | 11 | |
| 12714263191 | Multiple Sclerosis | myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction | 12 | |
| 12714267868 | Action poential | a brief electrical charge that travels down a neurons axon axon. This is triggered when stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons | 13 | |
| 12714582074 | Chemistry to Electricity process | -The exchange of electrically charged atoms (ions) -Positive outside/negative inside fluid around the axon -This positive-outside/negative-inside state is called the resting potential. | 14 | |
| 12714599509 | Depolarization | The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. | 15 | |
| 12715137515 | Refractory period | the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated. The neuron pumps the positively charged sodium ions back outside. | 16 | |
| 12715144764 | Exitatory signals | increase membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved | 17 | |
| 12715151269 | Threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | 18 | |
| 12715145874 | Inhibitory signals | hyper polarize the cell, decreasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire | 19 | |
| 12715161415 | All-or-none response | A neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing at all. A strong stimulus doesn't cause a stronger firing of the neuron but can cause more neurons to fire | 20 | |
| 12715171289 | Synapse (Synaptic Cleft) | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron where neurotransmitters are exchanged. | 21 | |
| 12715177910 | Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons and transmit information | 22 | |
| 12715181980 | Reuptake | A process in which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed from the synaptic cleft by the synaptic membrane of the sending neuron. | 23 | |
| 12715196167 | Endorphins | "morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. | 24 | |
| 12715202804 | Agonist | A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to a receptor | 25 | |
| 12715206192 | Antiagonist | A chemical that mimics neurotransmitters and binds to a receptor to blocks neurotransmitter functions. | 26 | |
| 12715289972 | Central nervous system | controls most of the body's sensory and motor functions through the brain and the spinal chord. | 27 | |
| 12715327319 | Nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs | 28 | |
| 12715298956 | Somatic nervous system | enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles; voluntary funtions | 29 | |
| 12715293529 | Peripheral Nervous System | responsible for transmitting central nervous system signals and decisions to other body parts | 30 | |
| 12715303283 | Autonomic Nervous System | controls our glands and muscles of organs; all involuntary functions | 31 | |
| 12715310083 | Sympathetic nervous system | arouses and expends energy | 32 | |
| 12715315585 | Parasympathetic nervous system | calms down the body in order to conserve energy | 33 | |
| 12715322145 | How are hormones different from neurotransmitters | Hormones and neurotransmitters are both chemical messengers, however, neurotransmitters travel through neurons, are very fast, and have short-lasting effects. Hormones travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body, are slow, and have long-lasting effects. | 34 | |
| 12715331232 | Sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord | 35 | |
| 12715331999 | Motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands | 36 | |
| 12715333609 | Interneurons | the brain's internal communication system where information is processed. Billions of inter-neurons in the brain. | 37 | |
| 12715373708 | Spinal Chord | a two-way information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain. Ascending neural fibers send up sensory information, and descending fibers send back motor-control information.A simple spinal reflex pathway is composed of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron. | 38 | |
| 12715383748 | Endocrine System | the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things. | 39 | |
| 12715388996 | Hormones | chemical messengers which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain | 40 | |
| 12715396738 | Adrenal Gland | located on top of the kidneys to release epinephrine and norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline). These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar, providing us with a surge of energy, known as the fight-or-flight response. | 41 | |
| 12715400468 | Pituitary Gland | -a pea-sized structure located in the core of the brain, where it is controlled by an adjacent brain area, the hypothalamus - responsible for growth hormones and pituitary secretions also influence the release of hormones by other endocrine glands.(Master Gland) | 42 | |
| 12715406648 | Hypothalmus | brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. Controls pituitary gland | 43 | |
| 12715409024 | Thyroid gland | produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth | 44 | |
| 12715410265 | Parathyroid glands | small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues | 45 | |
| 12715411462 | Pancreas | Regulates the level of sugar in the blood | 46 | |
| 12715412056 | Testes | male sex glands | 47 | |
| 12715416149 | Ovary | female sex glands | 48 | |
| 12715438835 | Lesion | tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue | 49 | |
| 12715448331 | Electroencephalogram (EEG) | An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. | 50 | |
| 12715450248 | Computer Tomography (CT) | a scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images | 51 | |
| 12715452932 | PET scan (positron emission tomography) | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task | 52 | |
| 12715454396 | MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. | 53 | |
| 12715459327 | fMRI (functional MRI) | A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function. | 54 | |
| 12715469615 | Brainstem | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brain stem is responsible for automatic survival functions and is comprised of the pons and medulla. | 55 | |
| 12715470785 | Medulla | the base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing | 56 | |
| 12715472808 | Pons | A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and coordinates movement | 57 | |
| 12715479649 | Reticular formation | a nerve network that travels through the brain stem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal | 58 | |
| 12715485461 | Cerebellum | the "little brain" at the rear of the brain stem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance | 59 | |
| 12715493208 | Limbic system | neural system (including the hippo-campus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. | 60 | |
| 12715495977 | Amygdala | two Lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to aggression and fear | 61 | |
| 12715505723 | Thalmus | sensory perception and regulation of motor functions | 62 | |
| 12719651920 | How are brain capacities or talents indicated by the development of it's brain structures? | The increasing complexity arises from new brain stem built on top of the old. The capacities come from the complexity of brain structure. | 63 | |
| 12719784524 | How is the thalamus different from the Hypothalamus | The thalamus' function is to transfer the information it collects from other parts of the brain to the part called the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland and regulates homeostasis | 64 | |
| 12719886807 | Cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center |  | 65 |
| 12719923374 | Frontal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment (behind the forehead) | 66 | |
| 12719929251 | Parietal lobe | back of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. It functions in processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics. | 67 | |
| 12719932341 | Occipital lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information(back of your head) | 68 | |
| 12719936617 | Temporal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language(just above the ears) | 69 | |
| 12719942347 | Glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons | 70 | |
| 12719980897 | Ventricles | fluid filled spaces in the brain | 71 | |
| 12720017110 | Nucleus accumbens | a sub-cortical structure that participates in reward and addiction | 72 | |
| 12720124630 | Motor cortex (frontal lobe) | controls voluntary movement; motor cortex of left hemisphere controls right side of body and cortex of right hemisphere controls left side of the body. | 73 | |
| 12720275868 | Cognitive neural prosthetic | may give motor control to patients with computers that respond to thinking | 74 | |
| 12720305061 | Somatoensory Cortex | area at the front of the parietal lobes, parallel to and just behind the motor cortex, specializes in receiving information from the skin senses and from the movement of body parts | 75 | |
| 12720332081 | Visual cortex | The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes. | 76 | |
| 12720341509 | Auditory cortex | the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information | 77 | |
| 12720396424 | Association areas | areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking | 78 | |
| 12720418251 | Prefrontal cortex | part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language | 79 | |
| 12720599367 | Plasticity | the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development | 80 | |
| 12720688632 | Nurogenesis | the formation of new neurons as an attempt from the brain to mend brain cells. | 81 | |
| 12742963334 | Corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | 82 | |
| 12743058769 | Split brain | a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them. | 83 | |
| 12743245692 | Phillip Vogel and Joseph Bogen | tried to alleviate seizures in epileptic patients by severing the corpus callosum and causing "split brain" patients | 84 | |
| 12743256126 | Roger Sperry, Ronald Myers, and Michael Gazzaniga | divided the brains of cats and monkeys with no serious ill effects. Set the stage to study split brain in people. -Gazzaniga concluded that the conscious left hemisphere is an "interpreter" or press agent that instantly constructs theories to explain our behavior. | 85 | |
| 12743260602 | Split Brain Experiment | -The word heart was spelled on a screen/paper and there was a line through the middle of it. People with a split brain SEE the ART half and POINT to the HE half. This is because the left part of the brain process things going on on the right and vise versa. Since the left part of the brain is in charge of speech, the person said art but the right side of the brain is in charge of movement of the left hand so the person pointed to HE with the left hand. | 86 | |
| 12744668427 | Right side of brain | -controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions. -excels in making inferences -helps us modulate our speech to make meaning clear -helps orchestrate our sense of self. -Higher activity in the right side for perceptual activities | 87 | |
| 12744697919 | Left side of brain | seems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities processes information sequentially, and enables one to speak | 88 | |
| 12744878765 | Conciousness | Awareness of ourselves and our environment | 89 | |
| 12744902758 | Cognitive neuroscience | A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity. | 90 | |
| 12744973381 | Dual processing | the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks | 91 | |
| 12745258308 | Brain lateralization | The organization of the brain into right and left hemispheres, with each hemisphere performing unique and specialized functions | 92 | |
| 12779282620 | behavior Geneticist | study our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment | 93 | |
| 12779291033 | DNA | A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. | 94 | |
| 12779308475 | Chromosomes | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. | 95 | |
| 12779311329 | Genes | Chemical factors that determine traits. The environment can activate genes if inactive. | 96 | |
| 12779331739 | Protien molecule | our body's building blocks | 97 | |
| 12779339337 | Genome | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes | 98 | |
| 12779375699 | identical (monozygotic) twins | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms | 99 | |
| 12779394618 | fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) | twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. | 100 | |
| 12779569743 | Molecular genetics | the sub-field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. | 101 | |
| 12779627029 | Heritability | the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next.Heritability refers instead to the extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes. | 102 | |
| 12779730630 | Epigenetics | the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change | 103 | |
| 12785918102 | Epigenetic marks | chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off | 104 | |
| 12786847486 | Evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection | 105 | |
| 12786887689 | natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 106 | |
| 12792573307 | Mutations | a random error in gene replication that leads to a change | 107 | |
| 12792929755 | Aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). | 108 | |
| 12792932562 | Astrocytes | Nerve growth | 109 | |
| 12792942975 | Cerebrum | The two large hemispheres that cover the upper part of the brain; 85% of the weight | 110 | |
| 12792953024 | Constraint-Induced therapy | aims to rewire brains and improve dexterity of brain-damaged people; use of "bad hand" | 111 | |
| 12792956256 | Macrophage | clears away dead tissue | 112 | |
| 12792972217 | Salci | valleys of the cortex | 113 | |
| 12792975854 | Serial conscious processing | slower than parallel processing, but skilled at solving new problems requiring focused attention | 114 | |
| 12792984429 | Visual perception track | enables us to recognize things and plan future actions | 115 | |
| 12826259550 | angular gyrus | transforms visual representations into an auditory code | 116 | |
| 12826286514 | Hippocampus | A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. | 117 | |
| 12826428799 | cerebral hemispheres | two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions | 118 |
