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Chapter 2 Campbell Biology Flashcards

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941537218cohesionthe linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds0
941537219adhesioncling of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds1
941537220surface tensiona measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules2
941537221kinetic energythe energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.3
941537222heatthe total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.4
941537223temperaturea measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules5
941537224Celsius scalea temperature scale equal to 5/9 (F-32) that measures the freezing point of water at ) degrees Celsius and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius6
941537225calorie (cal)the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree Celsius. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.7
941537226kilocalorie (kcal)a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius8
941537227joule (J)a unit of energy; 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J9
941537228specific heatthe amount of heat that must be absorbed of lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius10
941537229heat of vaporizationthe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state11
941537230evaporative coolingthe process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.12
941537231solutiona liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances13
941537232solventthe dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known14
941537233solutea substance that is dissolved in a solution15
941537234aqueous solutiona solution in which water is the solvent16
941537235hydration shellthe sphere of the water molecules around a dissolved ion17
941537236hydrophilichaving an affinity for water18
941537237colloida mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid19
941537238hydrophobichaving no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets of water20
941537239molecular massthe sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight21
941537240mole (mol)the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules22
941537241molaritya common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution23
941537242hydrogen iona single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+); in water, H+ is not found alone but associates with a water molecules to form a hydronium ion24
941537243hydroxide iona water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-25
941537244hydronium iona water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+, commonly represented as H+26
941537245acida substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution27
941537246basea substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution28
941537247pHa measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 1429
941537248buffera solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution. minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH-30
941537249ocean acidificationdecreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels31
941537250matterMatter is anything that takes up space and has a mass.32
941537251elementAn element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.33
941537252How many elements are currently recognized as being found in nature?9234
941537253compoundA compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.35
941537254Of the 92 natural elementswhat percent are essential elements?,20-25%36
941537255What are essential elements?They are elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce.37
941537256What elements make up 96% of living matter?oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.38
941537257Trace elementsTrace elements are required by an organism in only minute quantities.39
941537258What are the Essential Elements in the human bodysymbol and percentage of body mass (including water)?,Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S)40
941537259atomAn atom is the smallest unit of matter that still remains the properties of an element41
941537260What form of measurement is used with atomsmolecules and subatomic particles?,Daltons42
941537261What is the mass of electrons compared to neutrons and protons?1/2,000 of a proton/of a neutron's mass.43
941537262Atomic NumberThe number of protons and electrons in an element used to classify elements44
941537263mass numberIt is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.45
941537264IsotopesAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, and therefore have a greater mass.46
941537265Radioactive IsotopeIsotope in which the nucleus decays (breaks down) over time, giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy47
941537266potential energyIt is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.48
941537267potential energywhat causes it?,The electrons of an atom have potential energy because of how they are arranged in relation to the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus so the more distant an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its potential energy.49
941537268valence electronselectrons in the outermost shell.50
941537269valence shellsThe outermost energy shell of an atom contain the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.51
941537270orbitalThe 3 dimensional space where an electron can be found 90% of the time.52
941537271covalent bondsAre atoms that are sharing a pair of valence electrons.53
941537272moleculeTwo or more atoms held together by a covalent bond.54
941537273electronegativityThe attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.55
941537274nonpolar covalent bondA type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.56
941537275polar covalent bondA covalent bond between two atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. (NO) GREEDY57
941537276single bond/bondA single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.58
941537277double bondA double covalent bond' the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. 0=059
941537278Name the types of ways to model molecules.Lewis Dot Structure ( H:H) and Structural Formula (H-H)60
941537279Why are the electrons in a nonpolar bond equal?Because they have the same amount of electronegativity. The atoms are at a a tug-a-war stand-off.61
941537280Ionic bondThey are two atoms that are so unequal in their attraction for valence that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner.62
941537281ionAn atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one of more electrons63
941537282cationA positively charged ion64
941537283anionA negatively charged ion65
941537284ionic compoundsA compound resulting from formation of an ionic bond; Also called a salt.66
941537285hydrogen bondA weak type of chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule.67
941537286van der Waals interactionsWeak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.68
941537287reactantsThe starting materials in a chemical reaction69
941537288ProductsThe end result of a chemical reaction.70
941537289chemical equilibriumA state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged.71
941537290kinetic energyThe energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.72
941537291heatThe total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Energy in its most random form.73
941537292temperatureA measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.74
941537293specific heatThe amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.75
941537294heat of vaporizationThe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.76
941537295evaporative coolingthe surface becomes cooler during evaporation because highly kinetic molecules become gaseous77
9415372967 pHneutral pH78
941537297Strong acidity can alter the structure of biological molecule and prevent them from...carrying the essential chemical processes of life.79
941537298The reactivity of an atom rises from?The unpaired electrons in the valence shell80
941537299A chemical reaction that has reached chemical equilibriumits reactions are?,The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal81
941537300What is the property responsible for the ability pf sweat to lower body temperature?the absortion of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds82
941537301Toxic elementssome species are affected by different elements, arsenic to us is lethal while sunflowers can take in lead,arsenic, zinc and other heavy metals that can kill humans83
941537302Chemical bondswhen a shell thats not full interacts with another shell thats not filled84
941537303Moderation of temperature by waterby absorbing heat from the air, then it is released back in the atmoshphere but cooler85
941537304Thermal energyThe energy of motion in the molecules of a substance, random movement of molecules related to temperature86

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