Vocab for Chapter 2, AP World History
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| 1253230266 | Huanghe River | The river flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the China Sea; its valley was home to early Chinese sedentary agricultural communities. | 1 | |
| 1253230267 | Ordos Bulge | Located on the Huanghe River; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures. | 2 | |
| 1253230268 | Loess | Fine-grained soil deposited in Ordos Bulge; created fertile lands for sedentary agricultural communities. | 3 | |
| 1253230269 | Yangshao Culture | A formative Chinese culture located at Ordos Bulge about 2,500 to 2,000 B.C.E.; primarily an intensive hunting and gathering society supplemented by shifting cultivation. | 4 | |
| 1253230270 | Longshan Culture | A formative Chinese culture located at Ordos Bulge about 2,000 to 1,500 B.C.E.; based primarily on the cultivation of millet. | 5 | |
| 1253230271 | Yu | A possibly mythical ruler revered for construction of a system of flood control along the Huanghe river valley; founder of the Xia kingdom. | 6 | |
| 1253230272 | Xia | China's first, possibly mythical, kingdom; ruled by Yu; no archaeological sites discovered yet. | 7 | |
| 1253230273 | Shang | The first Chinese dynasty; capital in Ordos Bulge. | 8 | |
| 1253230274 | Vassal Retainers | Members of former ruling families granted control over peasants and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited the wealth of their territories. | 9 | |
| 1253230275 | Extended Families | Consisted of several generations, including sons and grandsons of the family patriarch and their families; typical of Shang China elite. | 10 | |
| 1253230276 | Nuclear Households | Husband, wife, and their children and maybe some other relatives; typical of Chinese peasantry. | 11 | |
| 1253230277 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing. | 12 | |
| 1253230278 | Ideographic Writing | Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. | 13 | |
| 1253230279 | Zhou | Originally a vassal family of the Shang; possibly Turkish in origin; overthrew Shang and established second Chinese dynasty. | 14 | |
| 1253230280 | Xian and Loyang | Capitals of the Zhou dynasty. | 15 | |
| 1253230281 | Feudalism | Social organization created by exchanging grants of land (fiefs) in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal services; typical of Zhou dynasty. | 16 | |
| 1253230282 | Mandate of Heaven | The divine source of political legitimacy in China; established under Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. | 17 | |
| 1253230283 | Shi | Probably originally priests; transformed into corps of bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty. | 18 | |
| 1253230284 | Qin | Dynasty from 221 to 201 B.C.E., founded at the end of the Warring States period. | 19 | |
| 1253230285 | Shi Huangdi | First emperor of China; founder of Qin dynasty. | 20 | |
| 1253230286 | Warring States Period | Time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E. | 21 | |
| 1253230287 | Confucius | Major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; sayings collected in "Analects"; philosophy based on the need for restoration of social order through the role of superior men. | 22 | |
| 1253230288 | Mencius | Major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects. | 23 | |
| 1253230289 | Xunxi | Follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were inherently lazy and evil and required an authoritarian government. | 24 | |
| 1253230290 | Laozi | Chinese Daoist philosopher who taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. | 25 | |
| 1253230291 | Daoism | Philosophy associated with Laozi; individual should seek alignment with Dao (or cosmic force). | 26 | |
| 1253230292 | Legalists | Chinese school of political philosophy; stressed the need for the absolute power of the emperor enfroced through strict application of the law. | 27 | |
| 1253230293 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi. | 28 | |
| 1253230294 | Sunzi | Author of "The Art of War"; argued that war was an extension of statecraft and should be fought according to scientific principles. | 29 | |
| 1253230295 | Liu Bang | Founder of the Han dynasty in 202 B.C.E. | 30 | |
| 1253230296 | Han | Dynasty succeeding the Qin that ruled form 202 to 220 B.C.E. | 31 | |
| 1253230297 | Scholar-Gentry | Chinese social class created by the marital linkage of the local landholding aristocracy and the officeholding shi. | 32 | |
| 1253230298 | Secret Societies | Chinese peasant organizations; provided members financial support during hard times and physical protection during disputes with local aristocracy. | 33 | |
| 1253230299 | Forbidden City | Imperial precint within Chinese capital cities; only imperial family members, advisers, and household were allowed to enter. | 34 | |
| 1253230300 | Wang Mang | Member of a powerful family related to the Han emperors through marriage; temporarily overthrew the Han between 9 and 23 C.E. | 35 | |
| 1253230301 | Eunuchs | Castrated males used within Chinese emperor's household, usually to guard the concubines; became a political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during later Han rule. | 36 |
