Key terms from Chapter 2 of Wayne Weiten's Psychology: Themes and Variations, 2nd Canadian edition.
283524186 | Hypothesis | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables | 0 | |
283524187 | Variables | Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study | 1 | |
283524189 | Theory | A system or interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations | 2 | |
283524190 | Operational definition | Describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable | 3 | |
283524201 | Research methods | Consist of various approaches to the observation measurement, manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies. | 4 | |
283524202 | Experiment | A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result | 5 | |
283524210 | Random assignment | Occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study | 6 | |
283525593 | Correlation | exists when two variables are related to each other | 7 | |
283526458 | Replication | The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated | 8 | |
283526461 | Sampling bias | Exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn | 9 | |
283526462 | Social desirability | When someone answer a question based on what they think is socially appropraite | 10 | |
283526463 | Experimenter bias | Occurs when a researchers expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained | 11 | |
283526485 | Placebo Effect | This occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment | 12 | |
283526486 | Population | the much larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about | 13 | |
283526492 | Sample | The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study | 14 | |
811444731 | Participants or subjects | person in the study | 15 | |
230340463 | sample | collections of subjects | 16 | |
832077576 | Survey | researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants' backgrounds, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior | 17 | |
691279471 | Halo effect | which occurs when someone's overall evaluation of a person, object, or institution spills over to influence more specific ratings | 18 | |
89440093 | direct observation | observers are trained to watch and record behaviors as objectively and precisely as possible. They may use some instrumentation, stopwatch | 19 | |
79610443 | Questionnaire | subjects are administered a series of written questions designed to obtain information about attitudes, opinions, and specific aspects of their behavior | 20 | |
673330083 | Psychological test | subjects are administered a standardized measure to obtain a sample of their behavior. Tests are usually used to assess mental abilities or personality traits | 21 | |
136945763 | Goals of the scientific enterprise | 1. measurement and description- science's commitment to observation requires that researchers figure out a way to measure the phenomenon under study. 2. Understanding and prediction- scientists believe that they understand events hen they can explain the reasons for their occurrence 3. Application and Control- scientists hope that the information they gather will be of some practical value n helping to solve everyday problems | 22 | |
332496408 | Steps to scientific investigation | 1. formulate a hypothesis 2. design a study 3. collect the data 4. analyze the data and draw conclusions 5. report the findings (scholarly journal, peer review) | 23 | |
482501800 | APA Principle | integrity- have to be honest/accurate/truthful | 24 |