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| 78903925 | UNIT I | UPHEAVAL IN CHRISTENDOM, 1300-1560 | |
| 78903927 | Black Death | Bubonic plague (rat-vectored bacillus). Struck Europe 1347/8. Killed almost 1/2 Euro's population. Spread because of crowded urban conditions & lack of hygiene. Exacerbated by famine. Led to disorganization, labor shortage, wage controls, rebellions, mass neuroses, etc. One of several disasters of 14th century that contributed to sense of upheaval and uncertainty. | |
| 78903928 | "jacqueries" | massive insurrections of peasants. France, 1358. Rebellion of workers against price and wage controls imposed by govt. in wake of Black Death and labor shortages. "Jacque" was the somewhat derogatory term used to describe the French peasant. Some now even questioned the whole class structure in late medieval Europe. | |
| 78903929 | Wat Tyler's rebellion | Peasant insurrection in England, 1381."When Adam delved and Eve span who was then a gentleman?" Govt. & upper classes used harsh repression. Long term effect of population decrease from plague and subsequent rebellions was better terms for workers because of labor shortage. Also, the fact that many land tenures were for fixed sums that could not be raised meant that for some the cost of rent went down relative to all other prices (which were going up) and this led to start of peasant property owners (i.e. further decline of the feudal system). | |
| 78903930 | Hundred Years' War | 1337->1453, between France & England. Over English claims to territory in France. Battles in France at Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt. Longbows helped the English in early stages. Patriotism fueled in both countries but especially England. Parliament increased powers. Nobles unruly because king depended on them for soldiers. Joan of Arc revived French spirit. England lost all except Calais. Costly for both. English nobles kept fighting each other after war -> War of Roses. One of several disasters/disruptions of 14th and 15th centuries. | |
| 78903931 | Boniface VIII | Pope, 1290s. Engl. & Fr. kings (Ed I and Philip the Fair) taxing church properties to finance war betwn each other. BVIII prohibited taxing of clergy. Issues famous bull (Unam Sanctam ). Arrested by Ph. the Fair's men at home in Agnani (Crime of Agnani) but soon set free. Dies soon after. New pope avoids conflict. Thus power of monarch challenged power of R.C. Church. Sign of times. | |
| 78903932 | Unam Sanctam | papal bull, issued by Boniface VIII in 1302. Extreme assertion of papal supremacy. No salvation o/side RC Church & "every human creature" was "subject to the Roman pontiff." Creates tension with Fr. king, Philip the Fair. Power issue. | |
| 78903933 | Philip the Fair | K of Fr. early 1300s. Sent soldiers to arrest BVIII because of his Unam Sanctam - Pope died soon after. Fr. influence on College of Cardinals -> pope subservient to Philip who insisted he move to Avignon in France (the Babylonian Captivity). | |
| 78903934 | John Wyclif(fe) | Oxford don (professor). Late 1300s. Early cry for reform. Critical of Church's wealth. Said clergy not needed for communication to God. Challenged papacy. Taught salvation only thru Bible. Translated Bible into English from Latin. Had support of Lollards. Branded as heretics. Opposed Eucharist. After his death was tried for heresy, found guilty, bones exhumed, books burnt. | |
| 78903935 | John Huss | Preacher & Professor in Bohemia (modern day Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic) in late 1300s. Influenced by Wyclif. Teachings aroused anti-Church, anti-German feeling -> rebellion. Church council (of Constance) tricked & burned Huss -> martyr -> Hussite wars 1420-36. Pro-Church forces could not defeat these religiously motivated rebels. Deal made - religious liberties in exchange for loyalty to pope. Wycl & Huss both early reformers but impact not great. Takes Renaissance (and printing press) for their ideas to catch on. | |
| 78903936 | "Babylonian Captivity" | . to avoid anarchy in Rome, CLEMENT V moves to Avignon, France under king's influence. Succession of popes reside there 1305-1378. Known as B.C. after exile of Jews in Babylon, 500 B.C. Led to decline in prestige of papacy and its spiritual leadership. Papacy seen as political tool of France. | |
| 78903937 | Great Schism of the West | 1378 College of Cardinals trying to solve problem of Captivity elected 2 popes. 1 lived in Rome & had support of Engl. & Germ., Portug. and Italy. Other lived in Avignon & had French, Scots & Spanish support. Schism - 40 yrs. Council of Pisa, 1409 tried to replace both but ended up with third pope! Avignon court - great splendor, great expense -> need for increasd. revenue. Growing complaints at extravagance of papacy and corruption in the Avignon court. Further discredited the institution of the Church. | |
| 78903938 | "annates" | New papal tax devised during schism and applying to Christian West - to incr. revenue. Each bishopric and abbacy to send first year's revenue of office to pope. Big movt of funds -> establishment of banking system in Europe. Added to resentment of R.C. Church. | |
| 78903939 | Council of Constance | 1414-1418, Church Council. Goals: End Schism; root out heresy; reform church. Results: New pope-Martin V; burned Huss; little reform. Wanted to make councils a part of system as representative body for Christians and pope to be like a monarch. Martin V took residence in Rome but rejected & dissolved council. Henceforth popes became more political and involved with cultural life of Renaissance - not dealing with much-needed reform. Failure of C of C TO REALLY ADDRESS NEED FOR REFORM contributed to onset of Protestant Reform. | |
| 78903940 | Martin V | Chosen by Council of Constance in 1417 since had support from all factions. Became pope and brought end to Schism but then rejected its decrees. Did move Papacy back to Rome. Start of period of very political papacy. Ignoring need for reforms. Abuses increased - simony, nepotism, indulgences, pluralities, etc. | |
| 78903941 | Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | 1438 French ch. affirmed supremacy of councils over pope, declared administrative independence, ended annates to Rome & appointments by pope. Papacy lost influence in France but conciliarists were divided. (1449 dissolution of Council of Basel & Conciliar Movt. ended. 1450 Jubilee to celebrate papal triumph.) | |
| 78903943 | Quattrocento | Italian for fifteenth century(1400s). It was in this period in Italy that the Renaissance really gathered full steam. Why Italy? Geography, Trade, Politics (City States), history. Spread and influenced rest of Euro for several centuries - art, literature, style, architecture, taste, manners, education. Intro of secularism. Renewed emphasis on rationalism and individualism - all in this period and emanating from Italy. | |
| 78903944 | Medici Family | Wealthy Florentine family which dominated city during most of 15th century. Extensive interest in industry, trade, and banking. Active in politics starting with Giovanni, Cosimo,Piero and finally, Lorenzo the Magnificent. Lorenzo was great patron of arts and learning. Artists such as Leonardo, Michelangelo & Raphael all flourished under his patronage. Many see Florence(city of flowers) in particular as birthplace of Ren. | |
| 78903946 | virtu | Renaissance writers and rulers often referred to this quality as desirable. The quality of being a man(Vir = "man") found in most aggressive adult males. Meant successful demonstration of human powers - in arts, in war, or in statecraft - using personal resources, making best of opportunities. ex. autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini. All part of cult of individual that emerged during the Renaissance. | |
| 78903947 | condottieri | professional fighting men of Renaissance Italy - mercenaries fighting for city-states. Out for individual - changed sides for right price. ex. of individualism. Machiavelli warned against dependency on these for military defence. Advocated a militia instead. | |
| 78903948 | Petrarch | 1304-1374, of Florence. First man of letters/father of humanism. Son of merchant, travelled. Fascination with classics. Translated manuscripts. Wrote in classical langs. & Italian. Invented sonnets(first 14 line poem, 8 & 6) and composed one to Laura - secret love of his life. Moral philosopher. Anticipated a more fully developed humanism and illustrated the Renaissance spirit. (Just prior to Petrarch the writer Dante was a transition figure between the Middle Ages & the Renaissance.) | |
| 78903949 | Dante | 1265-1321, of Florence. Author of the Divine Comedy, an epic poem written in Italian. It gives Dante's journey through the Inferno, purgatory and paradise with Latin poet Virgil as his guide through the first two and Beatrice, idealized woman, his guide through paradise. Influence of classical themes in his work.NOTE--Dante, Petrarch, & Boccaccio = Tuscan Triumvirate from Florence in Tuscany, OFTEN wrote in VERNACULAR LANGUAGE instead of Latin. Helped make the Tuscan dialect standard form of Italian. | |
| 78903951 | Boccaccio | 1313-1375 Contemp. with Petrarch & also a Florentine. Best known for his Decameron - collection of witty & often bawdy tales told over period of ten days by a group of ten young people fleeing Florence because of plague. Was encouraged by Petrarch, studied ancient manuscripts & learned Greek for this. Considered an early humanist also. | |
| 78903952 | Giotto | 1266-1337 First artist of Ren. Contemporary of Dante. Trained in Byzantine style but strayed from this. Still focus on religious subjects but more human and in realistic settings-often landscapes. Experimented with CHIAROSCURO (light & shade) to provide illusion of depth. Famous for frescoes & as the architect of Florence's campanile(bell tower) of the cathedral (IL DUOMO). | |
| 78903953 | Masaccio | 1401-1428 Florentine artist, first to start using light and shade to help achieve perspective. Also developed linear persepctive. First shown in The Tribute Money. Influence on other artists of the Ren. See slides. | |
| 78903954 | Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519 Florentine who worked also in Milan, Rome and, in late life, France. First Italian to use oils(developed in Flanders by Van Eycks). Did much experimentation with paints.Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Virgin of the Rocks are his most famous paintings. Subjects were often religious but dealt with in SECULAR and HUMANIZED fashion. Scientific interests-notebooks 5000 pages +, influ of classical but added own imagination. Dissections, machinery, geology, philosophy, etc. Example of "Renaissance Man" i.e. well rounded, accomplished in many areas. Spent last years in court of Francis I - in whose presence he died at a royal chateaux. | |
| 78903956 | Last Supper | c. 1495-98 Frescoe in refrectory of a Dominican friary in Milan. Portrayed dramatic moment when Jesus told his apostles that one of them would betray him. Tremendous expression on faces of each apostle. Very dramatic use of one point perspective. Painted by Da Vinci. | |
| 78903957 | Raphael | 1483-1520 Short but productive life. Worked in Florence and Rome. Well-known for Madonnas, humanized portrayals of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus. Painted frescoes in Vatican Palace - espec. The School of Athens & The Triumph of Religion - reflect artist's strong interest in classical antiquity and Christian religion. | |
| 78903958 | Michelangelo | 1475-1564 Painter and sculptor - worked in Florence and Rome. Sistine chapel ceiling scenes of Old Testament from Creation to Flood. Note the significance of The Creation to be discussed in class. Later did Last Judgment behind altar. Sculptures - David, Moses, Pieta +++. New styles in sculpture. Competition with Da Vinci over paintings. | |
| 78903960 | Titian | Most famous of Venetian painters of Renaissance. - prolific. Richness of colors- especially. red. Many religious paintings ex. The Assumption of the Virgin and many portraits, kings and popes etc. | |
| 78903961 | Lorenzo Valla | 1405-1457 Important Ren. scholar. Used methods of linguistic and historical analysis to prove that the Donation of Constantine, a document of 4th century giving pope right to rule over central Italy, was in fact an 8th century forgery. So what - new learning and attitudes undermining old, accepted sources of authority. | |
| 78903962 | Pico della Mirandola | Humanist man of letters in Florence, late 1400s. Seeking other sources of truth besides Christian scriptures. At Academy of Florence wrote 900 theses drawn from ancient sages, On the Dignity of Man. | |
| 78903963 | Savonarola | 1452-1498 Franciscan friar in Florence who objected to many of the new attitudes in the Renaissance - saw them as satanical. Gained power in Florence in 1494 at a time of Medici weakness and used strict, puritanical rule. Overthrown in 1498 and burned at stake. Medici returned to power but great age of Florence had passed. | |
| 78903964 | Castiglione | 1478-1529, Baldassare - Humanist and Papal diplomat. Wrote with rules of gentlemanly behavior. Should know Greek, Latin, have fluent writing style in both classical and vernacular. Important advocate of humanistic education and stressed study of classics and literature. | |
| 78903967 | Book of the Courtier | By Baldassare Castiglione, see above. | |
| 78903968 | Machiavelli | 1469-1527 Niccolo, most important writer on POLITICS in the Renaissance. In The Prince rejected the Christian idea that state subject to divine law. Adopted SECULAR and AMORAL view of POLITICS. State existed for its own sake. Ruler should be concerned with preservation of power. Ends justified means. Yet most successful states of time were not in Italy but the New Monarchies. Politics in Italy was about virtue not involving loyalty as in New Monarchies. | |
| 78903969 | The Prince | By Machiavelli, see above and your summer reading assignment. | |
| 78903970 | Margaret of Navarre/Angouleme | 1492-1549, sister of Francis I of France. One of few women authors of the Renaissance. Author of Heptameron, a series of 72 tales modeled on Boccaccio's Decameron. Stories celebrate triumph of virtue, honor, and quick-wittedness over vice and hypocrisy, often represented by grasping monks and clerics. Important patron and protector of humanist thinkers, protestants and writers. One of her proteges was Rabelais. | |
| 78903971 | Caterina Sforza | 1462-1509, Duchess of Forli. Courageous, tyrannical, proud and ruthless. Illegit offspring of future Duke of Milan. Married off at 14, 9 kids, several love affairs. But life shows limitations placed on women. Took over Duchy when husband died. Became very powerful. Wouldn't concede to sons. Eventually overthrown by Cesare Borgia. Raped, etc., d. at age 46. Burkhardt thought Renaissance improved status of women - this now considered a very questionable claim. | |
| 78903972 | Sofonisba Anguissola | 1532-1625 First great woman artist of Renaissance. From newly artistocratic Cremona family. Well-educated (unusual for time - other notable exceptions - Thomas More's daughters). Was court painter to K. Philip II of Spain. Married to nobleman who died then remarried to merchant sea capt. Rich, celebrated & long lived. Sponsored other artists. Painted mostly portraits and a few religious paintings. Achieved much but had advantages not available to most. Noteworthy: ONLY RECENTLY has her work been examined and life studied. There is still a tendency to think of Renaissance artists as all having been men. Was not even given consideration as a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle! | |
| 78903973 | Jacob Burkhardt | a Swiss historian who published, in 1860, a book titled Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. He described the Renaissance as the prototype of the modern world. He believed that in 14th and 15th century Italy, through the revival of ancient learning, new secular and scientific values began to supplant traditional religious beliefs. A rediscovery of the importance of the individual and a flourishing of artistic creativity accompanied these changes and, in Burkhardt's view, gave a new worldview for European civilization. Burkhardt was the first to really emphasize the importance of the Renaissance and to bring the term into common usage. Many historians claim that he exaggerated the "modernizing" interpretation of the Renaissance and underestimated the continuity of medieval influences/institutions. But all generally agree that this was a transition era from the medieval to modern world and that the -isms given expression at that time greatly characterize our world today. | |
| 78903974 | THE RENAISSANCE OUTSIDE ITALY (aka NORTHERN RENAISSANCE) | ... | |
| 78903975 | Christian humanism | Outside of Italy, Renaissance focused on religious matters through the study of writings of the early Christian church, rather than through those of secular authors of Rome and Greece. Centered in the North Christian Humanism impacted the Low Countries, Germany and England. Concerned more with providing guidance on personal behavior rather than liberating the individual. Emphasis on education and need for church reform. Many Christian humanists were not clergymen but--> Most early reformers of the church had been trained as Christian Humanists. Christian Humanism, with its emphasis on toleration and education, faded due to increasing passions of the Reformation after 1530. (Examples of Christian Humanists were Erasmus and Thomas More.) | |
| 78903976 | Regiomontanus | or Johann Muller (his non-Latin name), Germany, 1436-1476 - set foundations for mathematical conception of the universe. Probably most influential scientific worker of the 15th. C. | |
| 78903977 | Meister Eckhart | Germany, d. 1327. One of series of mystics in Germany in 14th C - Expressed the belief that the individual could, in perfect solitude, commune with God. No need to be part of flock/congregation or under shepherd/priest. Mysticism was a movement found in parts of the north even before the spread of Renaissance Christian Humanism. | |
| 78903978 | Thomas a Kempis | Germany, d. 1471. Another mystic. Wrote Imitation of Christ. Not openly rebelling against Church but in reality the mystics offered deeper religious experience and therefore might be considered a threat to the established Church. | |
| 78903979 | Imitation of Christ | By Thomas a Kempis - see above. | |
| 78903980 | Erasmus | 1466-1536 b. Rotterdam, Holland. Prince of Humanism. Educated in School of Brethren of Common Life - studied Greek and Latin Classics. Ordained in priesthood but devoted life to study of classics. Two most famous works were Praise of Folly & Handbook of the Christian Knight. Satire on church & how to lead a moral but active life. Studied classical language to get deeper understanding of Bible. Published annotated edition of New Testament in Greek which revealed errors in R.C. Ch's accepted version of Bible. Saw religion and learning as bound together. While a critic of abuses by church - was NOT a Protestant. Thought institution could reform itself from within. Opposed Luther's reformation & thought him even more doctrinaire and intolerant than R.C. Church. Was deeply disturbed by the religious upheavals unleashed in the 1520s and 1530s before his death. | |
| 78903981 | Praise of Folly | By Erasmus, See Above. | |
| 78903982 | Handbook of a Christian Knight | By Erasmus, See Above. | |
| 78903983 | Sir Thomas More | 1478-1535, English lawyer, statesman and humanist writer. Author of Utopia published in Latin, 1516. Describes perfect society on imaginary island. By lifting up general principles of morality as the bedrock of this "utopian" civilization, More was condemning the intolerance, brutality, poverty and corruption of his times. More was a great friend of Erasmus and a dedicated Christian. His refusal to pledge allegiance to Henry VIII as head of the newly formed Church of England during the English Reformation led to More's execution. Quote: "I die the King's good servant, but God's first." | |
| 78903984 | Nicholas of Cusa | 1401-1464, Rhinelander, churchman whose mystical philosophy entered into the later development of mathematics and science. | |
| 78903985 | Copernicus | 1473-1543, from mixed German/Polish portion of E. Prussia. First propounded heliocentric theory. Worked on theory for 25 years and published during year of his death- On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Theory denounced by church as illogical, unbiblical, and un-Christian but his theory would later be supported by Galileo in Italy. Yet another example of a Northern scholar who focused on a more scientific inquiry of the natural world. | |
| 78903986 | Paracelsus : | (Latin for Hohenheim), revolutionized medicine at Univ. of Basel. Wild prophecies - mixt. of Scientist and Charlatan but science still mixed up with occult at this time. | |
| 78903988 | Dr. Faustus | Scholarly German of early 16th century. Rumoured to have sold his soul in return for knowledge and power. Story dramatized by Christopher Marlowe (Engl. 16th century) and later by Goethe in poetry and by Gounod in opera. Later generations see Faust as symbol of inordinate striving of modern man (Oswald Spengler - Decline of the West 1918 - saw Euro society in early 20th century as Faustian.) | |
| 78903989 | Gerard Groote | Lay preacher in Netherlands in late 1300s. Emphasis on spiritual regeneration. Founded Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life. - got papal approval. Lived communally, but not as monks and nuns. Active in relieving poor and teaching. Established schools, tracking. Taught basics and Christian ideals of character - humility, tolerance, reverence, love of neighbour, conscientiousness. Developed the Modern Devotional - spread throughout Netherlands and Germany. Note: Erasmus raised in this sort of environment. | |
| 78903990 | Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life(& Modern Devotion) | See above. | |
| 78903993 | Hans Holbein | born in Augsburg, Bavaria in 1497; received art lessons from his father. Illustrated Erasmus's The Praise of Folly and Luther's German translation of the Bible. Painted portraits, pictures, and designed stain glass. Became court painter to Henry VIII painted portraits and also designed King's state robes and made drawings of buttons, bridles, and book bindings. Died in 1543 from the plague. | |
| 78903994 | Albrecht Durer | May 21, 1471- April 6, 1528. German painter, printmaker, draughtsman, and art theorist. Considered greatest German artist of the Renaissance. Made altarpieces and religious works, portraits, and self-portraits, and copper engravings. | |
| 78903995 | Jan Van Eyck | Flemish painter. Perfected technique of oil painting. Painted portraits and religious subjects. Made court painter of Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy became close member of court and went on secret missions. | |
| 78903996 | Pieter Bruegel | 1525-1569. Greatest Flemish painter of the 16th Century. Apprentice for Coecle van Aelst (Antwerp artist, sculptor, architect, and designer of tapestry and stained glass)got married to Aelst's daughterdrew him to Mechelen artistic tradition with peasant themes. Painted landscapes and scenes of peasant life. Sometimes called Peasant Bruegel. | |
| 78903999 | Henry VII | 1485-1509, First Tudor king of England after gaining throne by force - Battle of Bosworth Field from Richard III. Brought England out of War of Roses, restored order and established strong monarchy. Many ministers from the middle classes (thereby further undermining nobility) & suspended livery and maintenance, encouraged trade, balanced budget, established Star Chamber for law & order. Frugality freed him of dependence on Parliament - power of which declined. Diplomacy - used marriage in Foreign Affairs with Scotland & Hapsburgs. National feeling consolidated around Tudors. | |
| 78904000 | Wars of the Roses | 1455-1485 in England btween House of Lancaster(Red) and House of York(White). HVI(Lanc) - Ed.IV(York) -EdV(Murdered in Tower) - Richard III-Battle of Bos. - Henry VII. Left Eng. in state of civil turmoil after 100 yrs. war v. France. | |
| 78904001 | Tudors | Tudor line established by Henry VII ( Hse of Lancaster) in 1485 - lasted until 1603. | |
| 78904002 | HVII - HVIII - Ed. VI - Mary I - Eliz. I. In general one of more successful lines - furthered sense of national unity. English still have romance with this line of monarchs. | In general one of more successful lines - furthered sense of national unity. English still have romance with this line of monarchs. | |
| 78904003 | "Livery and Maintenance" | English practice where great lords maintained private armies wearing their own livery or insignia. Henry VII ended this as way to further reduce the power of the nobility. | |
| 78904004 | Star Chamber | Reign of HVII 1485-1509 used this royal council as a new court to deal with property disputes and infractions of the public peace. Room decorated with stars. Operated without a jury. Popular at first - restored law and order - later denounced as an instrument of despotism. | |
| 78904006 | Louis XI | 1461-1483, Valois king of France. Rounded out French borders, built up royal army , suppressed nobles. Centralized bureaucracy, used middle class advisers, Estates General met only once, laws by decree. Increased royal income. In foreign affairs preferred diplomacy to force. Wove intricate web of political and diplomatic intrigue - thus known as Universal Spider. Struggle over Burgundy - eventually acquired along with Anjou, Maine and Provence. Succeeded by Charles VIII and Louis XII and then Francis I - all three Valois kings pursued unsuccessful/costly wars in Italy vs. Hapsburgs - establishing enmity betw France & HRE. | |
| 78904009 | Ferdinand & Isabella | Married in 1469 and brought Castile(Isa) and Aragon(Ferd) together. But little or no Spanish feeling of national identity. Used RC Ch. as unifying theme. Increased royal power at expense of nobility and towns. Used cortes (medieval representative assembly) as infrequently as possible. Developed Spanish army. Reconquista (reconquest) in 1492 defeated Moorish occupiers of Granada in southern Spain. Isa sponsored Columbus in 1492. Expelled Jews 1492 & Moors in 1501, persecuted Morriscos and Maranos. Use of Inquisition - idea of queen's priest - Tomas de Torquemada. Isa and Torqu. motivated by religious concerns, Ferdinand used Inquisition for political purposes - eliminated enemies with it. 2,000+ burned at stake after auto-da-fe (act of faith). | |
| 78904010 | Spanish Inquisition | Church court - Established in reign of Isabella of Castile, 1480 and in Aragon in 1487. Used by F & A as instrument of royal authority. Dominican priest, Torquemada, advised Isa on this & became Inquisitor General. Isa and Torq. religiously motivated but Ferd. used it for political purposes agnst rebellious nobles and churchmen. Announced its sentences at Auto Da Fe. Exec. by burning. During 15 yrs that Torqu. was I.G. - 2,000 victims. Inqu. went on to persecute Moriscos and Marranos. Torture used to extract confessions. Goal was to achieve religious conformity - Spanish-ness - Catholicity. Surrendered Spain's reputation for religious toleration. | |
| 78904012 | Conquest of Granada | Final stage of Reconquista(1492) - by Spain of Granada from Moslems. Been gradually expelled from other areas of Iberian Pen. Granada last stronghold. Final wave of crusade but took further - persecuted Moriscos and pursued Moslems into Africa. Continued crusading spirit into Americas and even against Protestants in Europe(Netherlands). Moslems expelled in 1501, last of Moriscos expelled in 1609. | |
| 78904013 | Moriscos | Moslems in Spain who had converted to Christianity - 1501. Their conversion was often questioned. They were persecuted and often came before the Inquisition. Finally, Moriscos were expelled from Spain in 1609. Loss to the economy of Spain. | |
| 78904014 | Marranos | Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity rather than be expelled(1492). Their conversion was often questioned and they were tested-forced to eat pork, etc. They were often persecuted by Inquisition. Over 200,000 Jews left Spain -> N. Af., Italy, Ottoman Emp.(Sephardic) or Poland, Germany, Russia(Ashkenazic). | |
| 78904017 | Maxmilian I | Habsburg HRE, 1493-1519, "WHERE OTHERS HAVE TO FIGHT WARS YOU, FORTUNATE AUSTRIA, MARRY!" Brought in Burgundy this way and married son Philip to Joanna of Spain(Ferd & Isa's daughter) - from this union came Chas. I/V. Combined possessions of 4 grandparents thus ruled largest expanse of territory of any at time. | |
| 78904018 | Charles V/I | Ruler of Austria, Netherlands, Spain & its possessions and elected HRE. Most powerful ruler of his day. Then acquired Hungary and Bohemia - afraid of Turks who were pushing westwards. Also under constant challenge from Valois kings of France and faced with upheaval of Reformation (religious upset) Many feared that Euro faced with Universal Monarchy i.e. a dominating, all-powerful ruler. THIS CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL MONARCHY WILL BE A REPEATING THEME IN EURO HISTORY. | |
| 78904021 | Dante | 1265-1321, almost contemporary to Petrarch. Wrote Divine Comedy - in vernacular. Would be cornerstone of Italian vernacular literature. Along with Petrarch and Boccaccio is considered to constitute the Tuscany Triumvirate. | |
| 78904022 | Treaty of Lodi | 1454-55, political alliance which brought Milan, Naples and Florence together vs. Venice and Papal States. Helped create international/intercity state balance of power. If invaded from outside they would present a united front. Worked until Milanese despot brought outsiders in against other allies. | |
| 78904023 | Julius II | Pope, 1503-1513 in Rome. Suppressed the Borgias and captured the Romagna. Known as "warrior Pope" - secured papacy militarily. About him Erasmus wrote Julius excluded from Heaven.Secured papal states and with Ferdinand of Spain, Venice and Maximillien I - drove the French from Italy. Along with Alexander VI and Leo X was one of the High Renaissance Popes whose worldly and political behavior hardly fit the model of spiritual leader/father of the Church. | |
| 78904025 | civic humanism | during Ren in Italy - translated humanism into active humanist leadership of political and cultural life. ex. in Florence, Salutati, Bruni and Bracciolini - each used his rhetorical skills to rally citizens vs. agressors and to undertake other civic duties. | |
| 78904026 | Reuchlin Affair | Johann, 1455-1522. Europe's Christian authority on on Hebrew and Jewish learning. Wrote first Hebrew grammar. Attacked by a Dominican who wanted ban on Jewish writing. German humanists such as Ulrich von Hutten supported Reuchlin against attacks of Scholastics - just as many would later support Martin Luther. | |
| 78904027 | Marsilius of Padua | one of several brilliant theorists who assisted monarchs in 14th C Europe. Argued for sovereign rights of monarchs. Others of this ilk were Machiavelli and Jean Bodin in the 16th C. | |
| 78904028 | Jimenez de Cisneros | 1437-1517 Great Spanish spiritual reformer and educator who, in 1502, drove into exile any non-converting Moors from Granada. This plus Inquisition ended religious toleration and was reason Spain remained a loyal catholic country thro'out 16th C and would be base for Catholic Counter Reformation. | |
| 78904029 | Ciompi Revolt | 1378 in Italy - revolt of poor - part of same phenomena as Jacqueries. Came about because of post-Black Death anarchy, collapse of several banking families which led to economic shambles, and feuding between new and old rich. Suppressed as were other revolts but reality was - feudalism on decline due to great economic upheaval caused by plague. | |
| 78904030 | Guelphs | during the Italian Ren these were the pro-pope faction in endemic warfare amongst city states. | |
| 78904031 | Ghibelline | during the Italian Ren these were pro-imperial (Holy Roman Emperor) faction in endemic warfare betw. city states. | |
| 78904032 | Christine de Pisan | 1363-1434, Italian-born daughter of physician and astrologer at the French court. Unusual because received fine education - became expert in in classical French and Italian literature. Married at 15 and widowed as mother of 3 at 27. became woman of letters to support family. Wrote The City of Ladies - in favor of women's education and supportive of increased women's role in society .In The Book of Three Virtues instructs women on how to handle their husbands. Has been called the Ren woman's survival guide. | |
| 78904034 | Florentine Platonic Academy | Under patronage of Cosimio de Medici in Florence - a revival of studies of works of Plato(ancient Greek). Especially interested in synthesizing Platonic philosophy and Christian teaching. Was an informal gathering of humanists - appeal of Platonism lay in its flattering view of human nature. Distinguished betw. eternal sphere of being and perishable world in which man lived. Thought human reason actually existed in first and carried into second. This positive view of man found in Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man - he was part of the academy. Also a neoplatonist was Marsilio Ficino - believed a person should strive for personal perfection and contemplate the beautiful (vita contemplativa ). |
