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| 22554981 | AFL-CIO/George Meany | In December 1955, the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations merged to create one organization led by this man. | |
| 22554982 | Teamsters Union/David Beck/Jimmy Hoffa | A corrupt union bureaucracy charged with misappropriation of union funds in 1957. The president of this union was replaced by another man, who the government would eventually win a conviction against in 1967. | |
| 22554983 | Alexander Fleming/Penicillin | An English medical researcher who accidentally discovered antibacterial properties of this organism. | |
| 22554984 | Edward Jenner | An English researcher who developed the smallpox vaccine in the late eighteenth century. | |
| 22554985 | Jonas Salk | Introduced a vaccine against polio in 1954. | |
| 22554986 | Albert Sabin | Developed an oral vaccination usually given in the form of a sugar cube making widespread vaccination easier. | |
| 22554987 | DDT/Paul Miller | Swiss chemist who discovered the compound dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and discovered that it was particularly toxic to insects and seemingly harmless to humans and other mammals. It later became apparent that this compound had toxic effects on animals and humans in the long run. | |
| 22554988 | David Sarnoff Laboratories | In the late 1950's, scientists at these laboratories developed the technology for color television allowing it to become widely available in the 1960's. | |
| 22554989 | Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)/Remington Rand Company | Developed the first significant computer in the 1950's which was developed initially for the U.S. Bureau of the Census. It could handle alphabetical and numerical information with ease and used tape storage to make calculations much faster than the ENIAC. This computer was used to predict the results of the 1952 election as an attempt to market it to the public. | |
| 22554990 | International Business Machines (IBM) | Introduced data-processing computers in the mid-1950's and marketed it to United States businesses and businesses abroad. | |
| 22554991 | Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) | Longer range missiles capable of travelling through space to hit distant targets. Both the United States and Soviet Union sought to develop these as they wished for a missile that could travel thousands of miles. | |
| 22554992 | Sputnik/Explorer I | The Soviet Union launched the first earth-orbiting satellite in 1957. The United States rushed to develop American space technology following news of the Soviet satellite and in 1958, launched their own satellite into space. | |
| 22554993 | Alan Shepard/Mercury Program | On May 5, 1961, this man was the first American launched into space but, the Soviet Union had sent Yuri Gagarin to orbit the earth several months prior. | |
| 22554994 | Yuri Gagarin | First man launched into space and to orbit the Earth. | |
| 22554995 | John Glenn/Gemini Program | - Became the first American to orbit the globe. Later, NASA introduced a program whose spacecraft could simultaneously carry two astronauts. | |
| 22554996 | Apollo Program/Neil Armstrong/Edwin Aldrin/Michael Collins | Program whose purpose was to land on the moon. After experiencing setbacks involving a fire in January 1967 that killed three astronauts during a training session, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins successfully travelled in a space capsule to orbit the moon. | |
| 22554997 | The Mickey Mouse Club Impact | Created a demand for Mickey Mouse memorabilia and helped to produce the success of Disneyland in Los Angeles, California. | |
| 22554998 | William Levitt/Levittown | Applied the concept of mass production to the construction of houses in order to provide affordable single family homes to accommodate suburban growth. The first of these housing developments were located on Long Island near New York City. | |
| 22818217 | Dr. Benjamin Spock | His book Baby and Child Care popularized prevailing ideas of motherhood that encouraged women to remain at home to care for their children. | |
| 22818218 | Father Knows Best | Among many situation comedies that portrayed women as housewives and mothers whose roles were to serve their children and please their husbands. | |
| 22818219 | Echo Park/Bernard DeVoto | The federal government proposed building a dam across the Green River, which ran through this park, to provide a place of recreation and source of hydroelectric power. DeVoto published "Shall We Let Them Ruin Our National Parks" in the Saturday Evening Post and aroused opposition to the construction of the dam among environmentalist, naturalist, and wilderness vacationers. In response, Congress blocked the project and preserved the park in its natural state. | |
| 22818220 | William Whyte/The Organization Man | Claimed that self-reliance was being replaced by bureaucratic life in occupational settings as the valuable trait in the modern person. | |
| 22818221 | David Riesman/The Lonely Crowd | Argued that the "inner-directed man" who analyzed himself based on personal and family values was giving way to the "other-directed man" who is more concerned with winning the approval or the larger organization of society. | |
| 22818222 | J.D. Salinger | Wrote The Catcher in the Rye(1951) which told the story of a prep-school student who was unable to feel secure or committed in any area of society. | |
| 22818223 | The "beat" | Wrote harsh critiques of the sterility and conformity of American life, the meaninglessness of American politics, and the banality of popular culture. | |
| 22818224 | Allen Ginsberg/Howl | In his poem, this beat writer described modern life as "Robotic apartments! Invincible suburbs! Skeleton treasuries! Blind capitals! Demonic industries!" | |
| 22818225 | Jack Kerouac/On the Road | His novel depicted the rootless, iconoclastic lifestyle of him and his friends through an account of a cross-country road trip. | |
| 22818226 | Blackboard Jungle | 1955 film which depicted crime and violence in city schools and was part of the phenomenon of "juvenile delinquency" in the 1950's. | |
| 22818227 | James Dean/Rebel Without a Cause | A symbol of youth culture especially alienated young teens who played in such films that depicted moody teenagers and wild self-destructive young men. | |
| 22818228 | Sam Phillips/B.B. King/Buddy Holly/Bill Haley/Chuck Berry/Little Richard | Black and white Rock 'n' Roll musicians who were heavily influenced by African-American music traditions and country western. Phillips was a record promoter who recorded influential black rhythm and blues musicians of his time. | |
| 22818229 | Berry Gordy/Motown Records | A black producer who recorded the music of African-American bands and singers that were popular among both whites and blacks. | |
| 22818230 | American Bandstand/Dick Clark | Televised rock 'n' roll hits with a live audience that danced to recorded popular music and made its host one a prominent figure among American youth. | |
| 22818231 | "Payola Scandals" | Secret payments given to disk jockeys by record promoters in order to play their songs on the air. | |
| 22818232 | Michael Herrington/The Other America | An account of the continuing existence of poverty in the United States by a socialist writer published in 1962. | |
| 22818233 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | In this court case that overturned the decision in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case, the Supreme Court considered the legal segregation of a Kansas public school system and ruled "separate but equal" facilities unconstitutional as they were not equal. | |
| 22818234 | Earl Warren | Chief Justice who stated that "separate but equal" did not apply to public education as separate educational facilities were "inherently unequal". | |
| 22818235 | Brown II | Decision issued by the Supreme Court ruling that communities needed to desegregate their schools rapidly. It did not, however, gave no amount of time in which desegregation had to take place and the decision was left up to lower courts. | |
| 22818236 | "Massive resistance"/White Citizens' Councils | White Southerners who worked to obstruct desegregation and as a result only 684 of 3,000 affected school districts had begun to integrate their schools. | |
| 22818237 | Little Rock Central High School | When the Federal courts ordered the desegregation of this high school, a white mob blockaded the entrances to the school so as to harass black students and prevent them from entering. Eisenhower responded to the situation by sending federal troops to Little Rock to maintain order and keep the peace. | |
| 22818238 | Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott | This woman was arrested after having refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. Montgomery's African-American community responded to her arrest by boycotting the bus system in order to end segregation of buses. | |
| 22818239 | Martin Luther King Jr./Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) | An Atlanta minister and orator whose approach to black protest was based on nonviolent resistance under any circumstances. He founded an interracial group shortly after the bus boycott and became the most influential black leader in the country. | |
| 22818240 | Federal Highway Act of 1956 | Provided $25 billion to a ten-year project in which over 40,000 miles of interstate highways would be built. The program was funded through a highway "trust fund" which came from new taxes on fuel, automobiles, trucks, and tires. | |
| 22818241 | Adlai Stevenson | Ran against Eisenhower for a second time in the election of 1956 and only received 73 electoral votes to Eisenhower's 457. | |
| 22818242 | Joseph McCarthy/Army McCarthy hearings | Attacked Secretary of the Army Robert Stevens and the army in general as he had previously attacked other people he had suspected to be communists. As a result, Congress organized an investigation of the charges which were nationally televised. The televised hearing changed the view many Americans had of this Wisconsin senator and caused them to see him as a villain and a buffoon. | |
| 22818243 | John Foster Dulles/"massive retaliation"/"brinkmanship" | Eisenhower's secretary of state who announced that the United States must respond to the threat of communism not by getting involved in local conflicts (such as the Korean War) and instead relying on nuclear weapons. He wished to push the Soviet Union to the brink of war in order to receive concessions. | |
| 22818244 | Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader who led nationalist forces against the French in Vietnam. He had hoped to receive American support because of the anticolonial policies in the Atlantic Charter, but when the Truman administration ignored him, he turned to the support of communist China and the Soviet Union. | |
| 22818245 | Geneva Accords/17th Parallel | While Korean settlement was being considered, these accords on Vietnam of July 1954 temporarily established a border that would separate Vietnam. | |
| 22818246 | Ngo Dinh Diem | A member of Vietnam's Roman Catholic minority who led the pro-Western government of South Vietnam. | |
| 22818247 | Zionism | Through these efforts, the nation of Israel proclaimed independence on May 14, 1948. | |
| 22818248 | Mohammed Mossadegh/The Shah of Iran | When the nationalist prime minister of Iran began resisting the presence of western corporations, the American CIA helped the conservative Iranian military drive him from power and elevated a new ruler who would remain closely tied to the United States for 25 years. | |
| 22818249 | Gamal Abdel Nasser/Suez Canal Crisis | Led the nationalist government of Egypt. He retaliated by seizing control of the Suez Canal from the British in response to John Foster Dulles withdrawing offers to assist in the construction of the Aswan Dam across the Nile because of friendly Egyptian relations with the communists. Israeli forces attacked Egypt on October 29, 1956 and the following day, British and French troops landed in the Suez. Dulles and Eisenhower feared that the Arab states would join with the Soviet Union and initiate another world war; in response, the United States helped to pressure the British and French to withdraw and for Israel to come to a truce with Egypt. | |
| 22818250 | Fulgencio Batista/Fidel Castro | Ruled as military dictator of Cuba since 1952 until a movement of resistance to his regime strengthened under the leadership of Castro who marched into Havana on January 1, 1959 and established a new government. | |
| 22818251 | Nikita Khrushchev | Became Soviet premier and Communist Party chief in 1958. He and Eisenhower discussed the issue of NATO powers occupying West Berlin during his visit to America in 1959. The meeting seemed to go well and they planned to meet in Paris. Days before the conference, however, the Soviet Union announced that it had shot down an American U-2 and this premier angrily broke up the Paris summit and revoked Eisenhower's invitation of coming to the Soviet Union. | |
| 22818252 | Francis Gary Powers | A high altitude spy-plane that was shot down over Russian territory. Its pilot was held in captivity. |
