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| On January 22, 1917, Woodrow Wilson attempted to prevent war by declaring "peace without victory" | ||
| published on March 1, 1917 and Arthur Zimmerman proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico. It stated that if Mexico fought against the U.S. and the Central Powers won, Mexico could regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona from the U.S. | ||
| the first Congresswoman, Jeanette Ranking, who was part of the 6 senators and 50 representatives that voted against war. | ||
| The Fourteen Points were a set of idealistic goals for peace: 1)No more secret treaties. 2)Freedom of the seas was to be maintained. 3)A removal of economic barriers among nations. 4)Reduction of armament burdens. 5)Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers. 6)"Self-determination," or independence for oppressed minority groups who'd choose their government 7)A League of Nations, an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes. | ||
| was headed by George Creel and who tried to gain support for the war | ||
| Creel sent out an army of 75,000 men to deliver speeches in favor of the war and passed out millions of pamphlets containing the most potent "Wilsonisms" upon the world; they advertised posters and billboards that had emotional appeals, and showed anti-German movies like The Kaiser and The Beast of Berlin. | ||
| Sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage," hamburger "liberty steak." | ||
| showed American fears and paranoia about Germans and others perceived as a threat. | ||
| the Supreme Court affirmed their legality, arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation. | ||
| studied problems with mobilization and launched a shipbuilding program. America's army was only the 15th largest in the world. | ||
| In March 1918, Wilson named Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board, but this group never had much power and was disbanded soon after the armistice. | ||
| Samuel Gompers' of the American Federation of Labor (AF of L), which represented skilled laborers loyally supporting the war | ||
| Antiwar Socialists and the members of the radical union Industrial | ||
| were often prosecuted, including Socialist Eugene V. Debs and IWW leader William D. Haywood, who were arrested, convicted, and sent to prison because of the Sedition Act | ||
| During the war, Blacks immigrated to the North to find more jobs because of the abuse given to them by the South; this started the Harlem Renaissance | ||
| Many progressive-era feminists were pacifists, opposing participation of war. This group was led by Quaker activist Alice Paul, which demonstrated against "Kaiser Wilson" with marches and hunger strikes. | ||
| gave all American women the right to vote | ||
| he relied on voluntary compliance rather than on compulsory edicts; he did not use food rations | ||
| no wheat on Wednesday | ||
| no meat on Tuesday | ||
| patriots hoed their way to victory in backyards and vacant lots. | ||
| prohibited the sale, distribution, or consumption of alcohol. | ||
| exhorted Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays," "lightless nights," and "gasless Sundays." | ||
| no oil for heat | ||
| Treasury Department sponsored huge parades and invoked slogans like "Halt the Hun" to promote four great Liberty Loan drives, followed by a Victory Loan campaign in 1919 resulting in $21 billion | ||
| the only answer to the need for raising an immense army with all possible speed. | ||
| a member of an antiwar religious sect, became a hero when he single-handedly killed 20 Germans and captured 132 more. | ||
| Pershing's army undertook the Meuse-Argonne offensive, from September 26 to November 11, 1918. One objective was to cut the German railroad lines feeding the western front. | ||
| opposed the League; Lodge now came up with fourteen "reservations" to the Treaty of Versailles, which sought to safeguard American sovereignty. | ||
| The Paris Conference of great and small nations fell into the control of the Big Four. | ||
| Italy, led by Vittorio Orlando, France, led by Georges Clemenceau, Britain, led by David Lloyd George, and the U.S., led by Wilson. | ||
| Wilson envisioned an assembly with seats for all nations and a council to be controlled by the great powers. He gained a signal victory over the Old World diplomats in February 1919, when they agreed to make the League Covenant | ||
| Clemenceau pressed French demands for the German inhabited Rhineland and the Saar Valley, a rich coal area. Wilsonian opposed to this violation, France settled for a compromise whereby the Saar basin would remain under the League of Nations for fifteen years, and then a popular vote would determine its fate. France got the Security Treaty for dropping its demands for Rhineland, in which both Britain and America pledged to come to its aid in the event of another German invasion. | ||
| reasoned that America should stay out of such an international group and decide her decisions on her own. | ||
| Wilson had proposed to take the treaty to the people with a national referendum. | ||
| was chosen by the republicans to be their candidate for president and went up against James M. Cox | ||
| was chosen as the vice presidential candidate who went up against Franklin D. Roosevelt | ||
| they were willing to accept a second-rate president—and they got a third-rate one. |
