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| 2405470864 | Adolf Hitler | 1889-1945 Austrian-born Dictator and former leader of the Nazi Party He came to hate Jews and Marxists, whom he though had formed an evil union with the goal of destroying the world Fought for Germany in the Great War and knew that the Jews were responsible for this humiliation, and he also knew what he had to do: he had to enter the political arena in his chosen fatherland and save the nation | 0 | |
| 2405470865 | "Lost Generation" | Noted by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway Given by Stein to a group of American intellectuals and literati who congregated in Paris in the postwar years Expressed in poetry and fiction the malaise and disillusion that characterized the US and European though after the Great War | 1 | |
| 2405470866 | Otto Spregler | 1880-1936 Author of The Decline of the West, which proposed that all societies pass through a life cycle of growth and decay comparable to the biological cycle of living organisms His analysis of the history of Western Europe led him to conclude that European society had entered the final stage of its existence | 2 | |
| 2405470867 | Arnold Toynbee | 1889-1975 Author of the twelve-volumed classic, A Study of History, that sought to discover how societies develop through time Analyzed the genesis, growth, and disintegration of 12 societies | 3 | |
| 2405470868 | Werner Heisenberg | 1901-1976 Author of "About the Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationships," which established the "uncertainty principle" -it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and the velocity of a subatomic particle Called into question established notions of truth and violated the fundamental law of cause and effect | 4 | |
| 2405470869 | Cubism | Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. | 5 | |
| 2405470870 | Picasso | 1881-1973 Italian artist who was the leading proponent of cubism | 6 | |
| 2405470871 | Gaugin | 1848-1903 Artist who fled to Central America and Tahiti in a revolt against rational society He was inspired by the "primitive" art he found there, claiming that it held a sense of wonder that "civilized" people no longer possessed | 7 | |
| 2405470872 | Bauhaus | An institution the brought together architects, designers, and painters from several countries | 8 | |
| 2405470873 | Gropius | 1883-1969 The first director of the Bauhaus whose theory of design became the guiding principle first of the Bauhaus and and subsequently of contemporary architecture in general The buildings he designed featured simplicity of shape and extensive use of glass and always embodied the new doctrine that form must follow function | 9 | |
| 2405470874 | Depression | 1929-1945 Global economic depression that was caused by the collapse of the old capitalist system of trade and finance | 10 | |
| 2405470875 | Keynesian economics | Theories of economics developed but John Maynard Keynes Keynes answer to the Great Depression- millions of people who were willing to work could not find employment | 11 | |
| 2405470876 | The New Deal | Program of sweeping economic and social reforms proposed by FDR It's fundamental premise, that the federal government was justified in intervening to protect the social and economic welfare of the people, represented a major shift in US government policy and started a trend toward social reform legislation that continued long after the depression years | 12 | |
| 2405470877 | Reds vs. Whites | Took place throughout the Russian Civil War The communists began the Red Terror campaign in which suspected anti communists known as Whites were arrested, tried, and executed | 13 | |
| 2405470878 | New Economic Policy | Implemented by Lenin which temporarily restored the market economy and some private enterprise in Russia Large industries, banks, and transportation and communications facilities remained under state control, but the government returned small-scale industries to private ownership Allowed peasants to sell surpluses at the free market prices A vigorous program of electrification and the establishment of technical schools to train technicians and engineers | 14 | |
| 2405470879 | Stalin | 1879-1953 Promoted the idea of socialism in one country Identified his unified resolve to gain power in his adopted surname, which meant "man of steel" | 15 | |
| 2405470880 | Kulasks | Relatively wealthy peasants who had risen to prosperity during the NEP but accounted for only 3-5 percent of the peasantry | 16 | |
| 2405470881 | "Socialism in one country" | Theory put forth by Joseph Stalin in 1924 Held that given the defeat of all the communist revolutions in Europe in 1917-1921 except Russia's, the Soviet Union should begin to strengthen itself internally. | 17 | |
| 2405470882 | Five Year Plan | First implemented in 1929 to transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power Set targets for increased productivity in all spheres of the economy but emphasized heavy industry This blueprint for maximum centralization of the entire national economy offered a bold alternative to market capitalism | 18 | |
| 2405470883 | Collectivization | Viewed by Stalin and his regime as a means of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and ensuring that industrial workers would be fed | 19 | |
| 2405470884 | the Great Purge | Between 1935 and 1938 Stalin removed from posts of authority all persons suspected of opposition, including 2/3 of the members of the 1934 Central Committee and more than 1/2 of the army's high ranking officers Victims faced execution or long term suffering in labor camps | 20 | |
| 2405470885 | Fascism | A political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society, developed as a reaction against liberal democracy and the spread of socialism and communism | 21 | |
| 2405470886 | Duce Mussolini II | 1883-1945 Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943 He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. | 22 | |
| 2405470887 | Corporation | A corporation is a separate legal entity that has been incorporated either directly through legislation or through a registration process established by law. Incorporated entities have legal rights and liabilities that are distinct from their employees and shareholders, and may conduct business as either a profit-seeking business or not-for-profit business | 23 | |
| 2405470888 | NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party ) | Political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 Advocacy of a form of socialism by right-wing figures and movements in Germany became common during and after World War I, influencing Nazism | 24 | |
| 2405470889 | "Pronatalist Policy" | The policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate. | 25 | |
| 2405470890 | Nuremberg Laws | 1935 Deprived German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and other Germans | 26 | |
| 2405470891 | Anti-Semitism | Prejudice against Jews | 27 | |
| 2405470892 | Kristallnacht | November 9/10 1938 The Night of the Broken Glass Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than 100 Jews throughout Germany and Austria | 28 | |
| 2405470893 | Civil War in Russia | 1918-1920 Opposition to the Bolshevik Party The communists began the Red Terror campaign in which suspected anticommunists known as Whites were arrested, tried, and executed | 29 | |
| 2405470894 | Mussolini launches fascist movement in Italy | After the Great War, Mussolini advanced a political program that emphasized virulent nationalism, demanded repression of socialists, and political leader -Established the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Italian Combat Government League) After Mussolini's march on Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III hastily asked him on 29 October to become prime minister and form a new government -inaugurated a fascist regime in 1922 | 30 | |
| 2405470895 | First Soviet Five Year Plan | First implemented in 1929 to transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power Set targets for increased productivity in all spheres of the economy but emphasized heavy industry This blueprint for maximum centralization of the entire national economy offered a bold alternative to market capitalism | 31 | |
| 2405470896 | US Stock Market Crash | By October 1929, hints of a worldwide economic slowdown and warnings from experts that stock prices were overvalued and prompted investors to pull out of the market On Black Thursday (October 24) a wave of panic selling on the New York Stock Exchange caused stock prices to plummet | 32 | |
| 2405470897 | Beginning of Great Depression | By the middle of the 1920s, some semblance of economic normality had returned, and most countries seemed on the way to economic recovery Prosperity was fragile, perhaps false, and many serious problems and dislocations remained in the international economy | 33 | |
| 2405470898 | Hitler rules Germany | In 1921 Hitler became chairman of the party now known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party Attempted to overthrow the democratic Weimar Republic that had replaced the German empire in 1923 After being released from prison, Hitler reorganized his movement and launched it on a "path of legality" | 34 | |
| 2405470899 | Statlin's Great Purge in Germany | Between 1935 and 1938 Stalin removed from posts of authority all persons suspected of opposition, including 2/3 of the members of the 1934 Central Committee and more than 1/2 of the army's high ranking officers Victims faced execution or long term suffering in labor camps | 35 | |
| 2405470900 | Steinbeck publishes the Grapes of Wrath | US writer John Steinbeck chillingly captured the official heartlessness and the rising political anger inspired by the depression In the story, the Joad family migrated from Oklahoma to California to escape the dust bowl In describing their journey, Steinbeck commented on the US government's policy of "planned security," in which surplus crops were destroyed to raise prices while citizens starved | 36 | |
| 2405470901 | Albert Einstein | 1879-1955 Developed the theory of special relativity, which showed that there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe - it no longer made sense to speak of space and time as absolutes, because the measurement of those two categories always varies with the motion of the observer | 37 | |
| 2405470902 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939 Embarked on research that focused on psychological rather than physiological explanations of mental disorders Identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes that lay at the root of neurotic behavior Convinced that his theory, known as psycoanalysis, provided the keys to understanding all human behavior | 38 | |
| 2405470903 | Trotsky | 1879-1940 Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army. | 39 |
