Biology; Campbell Reece 7th Edition
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| 123302306 | Phylum Cordata | chordates, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelom, deuterstomia, notochord, dorsal, pharyngeal clefts, muscular tail | 0 | |
| 123302307 | notochord | all embryos have one, long flexible rod in between digestive tract and dorsal | 1 | |
| 123302309 | pharyngeal clefts | grooves in pharlynx that give rise to inner ear, jawbone, or gills | 2 | |
| 123302310 | Tunicates | belongs to Phylum Chordata, invertebrates, has chordate characteristics as embryo and loses them when mature | 3 | |
| 123302312 | Lancelets | belongs to Phylum Chordata, shows all characteristics of a chordate as an adult; suspension feeders that look like blades of grass | 4 | |
| 123302313 | Craniates | clade of animals that have heads, 2 clusters of Hox genes, neural crest, gill slits | 5 | |
| 123302314 | Hox genes | control expression of genes | 6 | |
| 123302315 | neural crest | cluster of cells around dorsal hollow tube | 7 | |
| 123302316 | gill slits | responsible for exchanging of gases, takes in water and gets rid of CO2 | 8 | |
| 123302317 | Hagfishes | example of Craniates, belongs to Subphylum Craniata, cartilage head | 9 | |
| 123302557 | vertebrates | belong to Phylum Chordata, have vertebrae (enclose spinal cord), elaborate skull | 10 | |
| 123302558 | Lampreys | belongs to Subphylum Vertebrates; jawless, earliest lineage of vertebrates, freshwater/marine, cartilage skeleton | 11 | |
| 123302826 | Conodonts | early vertebrates, have barbed hooks, origin of teeth and bones | 12 | |
| 123302827 | Gnathostomes | belongs to Subphylum Vertebrates, jaws, 4 clusters of Hox genes, enlarged forebrain, lateral line system, mineralization of endoskeleton | 13 | |
| 123302829 | enlarged forebrain | leads to good sense of smell and vision | 14 | |
| 123302837 | lateral line system | microscopic organs for sensing vibrations | 15 | |
| 123302838 | placoderms | armored vertebrates; "plate skinned" | 16 | |
| 123302844 | Chondrichthyans | belong to Subphylum Vertebrates, cartilage skeletons, cartilage fish (sharks, rays, relatives) | 17 | |
| 123302846 | spiral valve | corkscrew-shaped ridge that increases surface area and prolongs the passage of food through the digestive tract in sharks | 18 | |
| 123303115 | oviparous | eggs in protective case outside body (fertilization, egg develops outside and then hatches) | 19 | |
| 123303119 | ovoviviparous | fertilized egg stays in parent | 20 | |
| 123303123 | viviparous | provide nutrients through placenta, live birth | 21 | |
| 123303124 | cloaca | common chamber that has a single opening to the outside; digestive system | 22 | |
| 123303125 | Osteichthyans | belongs to Sumphylum Vertebrates, bony fish (ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes, tetrapods | 23 | |
| 123303219 | swim bladder | the way that aquatic osteichthyans control buoyancy; arose after lungs | 24 | |
| 123303220 | Tetrapods | have 4 limbs and feet with digits, bones of the pelvic girdle are fixed to backbone (allows for walking on 4s), ears for detecting airbourne sounds | 25 | |
| 123303221 | Amphibians | belongs to Subphylum Vertebrates, "duel lives", moist skin, external fertilization, eggs must be laid in water, eggs are soft-shelled, larvae= 2 chambered heart, adult= 3-chambered heart | 26 | |
| 123303225 | Order Urodela | belongs to Class Amphibia, "tailed ones" (salamanders, newts) | 27 | |
| 123303226 | Order Anura | belongs to Class Amphibia, "tail-less", strong hind legs, good predators (tongue), aposomatic coloring (frogs) | 28 | |
| 123314955 | Order Apoda | belongs to Class Amphibia, "legless ones", legless, blind, moist areas (caecillans) | 29 | |
| 123314956 | Amniotes | belongs to Subphylum Vertebrates, amniotic egg (reptiles, eggs, mammals) | 30 | |
| 123314962 | amniotic egg | egg that is protected by special tissues called extraembryonic membranes and has a shell | 31 | |
| 123314963 | chorion membrane | gas exchange is possible between embryo and air | 32 | |
| 123314964 | yolk sac | provides nutrients | 33 | |
| 123314965 | allantois membrane | disposal sac for metabolic waste from embryo | 34 | |
| 123314969 | amnion | protects embryo, "shock protection", fluid filled cavity | 35 | |
| 123314970 | Reptiles | belongs to Subphylum Vertebrate, scales containing keratin (protein), obtain oxygen via lungs, internal fertilization, ectothermic, heart w. 2 atria and a ventricle (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles) | 36 | |
| 123314971 | ectothermic | cold-blooded, same temperature as outside, bask in sun | 37 | |
| 123314972 | endothermic | warm-blooded, maintain a stable body temperature with metabolic actions | 38 | |
| 123314973 | parareptiles | first major group of reptiles; mostly large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores; examples: diapsids (lepidosaurs and archosaurs) and dinosaurs | 39 | |
| 123314976 | Birds | class Aves; belongs to Subphylum Vertebrates, amniotic eggs with 4-chambered heart, keratin on legs, few organs, small gonads, no urinary tract, hollow birds, feathers and wings (all to make flying possible), endothermic | 40 | |
| 123314978 | ratites | ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu; flightless | 41 | |
| 123314981 | Mammals | belong to Subphylum Vertebrates, endothermic, mammary glands, body covering of hair/fur, 4 chambered heart, internal fertilization, larger brains, teeth of differing size/function (incisors, molars), long duration of parental care | 42 | |
| 123314982 | synapsids | member of amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull, including the mammals | 43 | |
| 123314983 | mammary glands | produce milk | 44 | |
| 123314985 | monotremes | type of mammal, egg laying (platypus) | 45 | |
| 123314986 | marsupials | type of mamal, born early in development and complete development in mother's pouch | 46 | |
| 123314987 | placental mammals | eutherians, complete development in uterus | 47 | |
| 123314989 | Anthropoids | monkeys and apes | 48 | |
| 123316127 | Hominoids | Primates (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans) | 49 | |
| 123316251 | australopiths | hominids from between 4-2 million years ago | 50 |
