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| 4281555436 | Taft-Hartley Act (1947) | Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. Passed over President Truman's veto by a Republican-controlled Congress. Labor leaders condemned the Taft-Hartley Act as a "slave-labor law." Outlawed "closed" (all-union) shops, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional dispute among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-communist oath. | 0 | |
| 4281555437 | Operation Dixie | Failed effort by the CIO after World War II to unionize southern workers, especially in textile factories | 1 | |
| 4281555438 | Gross National Product | The total value of a nation's annual output of goods and services. "Real gross national product (GNP) slumped sickeningly in 1946 and 1947." | 2 | |
| 4281555439 | Superpower | One of the two overwhelming dominant international powers after World War II--the United States and Soviet Union. | 3 | |
| 4281555440 | Politburo | The small ruling executive body that controlled the central Committee ofthe Soviet Communist party. and hence dictated the political policies of the Soviet, Chinese, and other Communist parties (from "Political Bureau"). | 4 | |
| 4281555441 | Employment Act of 1946 | The democratic administration secured passage of this act, making it government policy "to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power." The act created a three-member Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with the data and the recommendations to make that policy a reality. | 5 | |
| 4281555442 | GI Bill | Also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944. Enacted partly out of the fear that the employment markets would never be able to absorb 15 million returning veterans at war's end, the GI Bill made generous provisions for sending the former soldiers to school. The act also enabled the Veterans Administration (VA) to guarantee about $16 billion loans for veterans to buy homes, farms, and small businesses. | 6 | |
| 4281555443 | Dr. Benjamin Spock | Pediatrician and author of the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946), which emphasized children's need for the love and care of full-time mothers. | 7 | |
| 4281555444 | Sunbelt | The fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast (the "Frostbelt"). | 8 | |
| 4281555445 | Suburbs | Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people. | 9 | |
| 4281555446 | Federal Housing Administration | The FHA and The Veterans Adminsitration (VA) homeloan guarantees made it more economically attractive to own a home in the suburbs than to rent an apartment in the city. | 10 | |
| 4281555447 | Levittown | Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families. | 11 | |
| 4281555448 | "White-flight" | white migration from Northeast and Midwest--black, brown, and broke--to the leafy green suburbs. | 12 | |
| 4281555449 | "Baby Boom" | Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many institutions such as schools and universities. | 13 | |
| 4281555450 | Harry S. Truman | 33rd president of the United States. He assumed the presidency at the death of FDR in 1945 and served until 1953. Under his leadership the United States saw the end of the Second World War with the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Japan and also the establishment of the Truman Doctrine for foreign policy, which seeks to limit the spread of Communism. | 14 | |
| 4281555451 | "The Buck Stops Here" | President Truman placed this note on his White House desk to show that he is not one to dodge responsibility. | 15 | |
| 4281555452 | "Missouri gang" | Truman permitted designing old associates of the "Missouri gang" to gather around him and, like Grant, was stubbornly loyal to them when they were caught with cream on their whiskers. | 16 | |
| 4281555453 | Yalta Conference (1945) | (1945) Meeting of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, in February 1945 at an old Tsarist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leaders laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany and territorial concessions to the Soviet Union. | 17 | |
| 4281555454 | Big Three | FDR, Churchill, and Stalin were known as the Big Three. They discussed the important and controversial issues of the treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations, and Russian entry into the war against Japan. | 18 | |
| 4281555455 | Chiang Kai-shek | Critics charged that Roosevelt had sold Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) down the river when he conceded control of Manchuria to Stalin. Also, he failed to fight off internal rebellion. Leading to a communist China. | 19 | |
| 4281555456 | "Sphere of influence" | Stalin sought to maintain an extensive Soviet "sphere of influence" in Eastern and Central Europe in other to protect the USSR and consolidate its revolutionary base as the world's leading communist country. The U.S taught this "sphere of influence" looked like an ill-gained "empire." | 20 | |
| 4281555457 | Cold War | (1946-1991) The 45 year diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. | 21 | |
| 4281555458 | Bretton Woods Conference | More officially known as "The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference" It was a gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. | 22 | |
| 4281555459 | International Monetary Fund | Established by the Western Allies at the Bretton Woods Conference to encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates. | 23 | |
| 4281555460 | World Bank | Also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It's aim was to promote economic growth in war-ravaged and underdeveloped areas. | 24 | |
| 4281555461 | United Nations | (U.N.) International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars. Much like the former League of Nations in ambition, the UN was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council—Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. | 25 | |
| 4281555462 | UNESCO, FAO, WHO | UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, FAO (Food and Agriculutral Organization), and WHO (World Health Organization), these helped the UN bring benefits to the people of the world. | 26 | |
| 4281555463 | Bernard Baruch | U.S delegate in 1946 for a U.N. agency, free from the great-power veto, with worldwide authority over atomic energy, weapons and research. | 27 | |
| 4281555464 | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials | Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the Allies denazification program in postwar Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences. | 28 | |
| 4281555465 | "Foxy Hermann" Goering | tried at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials and sentenced to death. He cheated the hangman a few hours before his scheduled execution by swallowing a hidden cyanide capsule. | 29 | |
| 4281555466 | Berlin airlift | Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War | 30 | |
| 4281555467 | Containment doctrine | America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War. | 31 | |
| 4281555468 | George F. Kennan | A brilliant young diplomat and Soviet specialist, who crafted the containment doctrine. | 32 | |
| 4281555469 | Truman Doctrine | (1947) President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any communist or communist-inspired threat. Truman presented the doctrine to Congress in 1947 in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet-backed insurgencies. | 33 | |
| 4281555470 | Reinhold Neibuhr | Liberal Protestant clergyman who cruisaded against the "children of darkness" such as communism, fascism, and pacifism | 34 | |
| 4281555471 | George C. Marshall | United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program. | 35 | |
| 4281555472 | Marshall Plan | (1948)Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947. | 36 | |
| 4281555473 | Israel | Created from British mandate territory of Palestine out of humanitarian sympathy for the Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. Officially recognized by the U.S on its day of virth, May 14, 1948. A controversial issue due to the fact that, the Arabs claim that the land belongs to them and "will lay siege to it until it dies of famine." | 37 | |
| 4281555474 | National Security Act | Congress in 1947 passed this act, creating the Department of Defense and National Security Council. | 38 | |
| 4281555475 | Department of Defence | created by the National Security Act. Was to be housed in the Pentagon and headed by a new cabinet officer, the secretary of defense. | 39 | |
| 4281555476 | National Security Council (NSC) | Enacted by the National Security Act to advise the president on security matters. | 40 | |
| 4281555477 | Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | Also enacted by the National Security Act to coordinate the government's foreign fact gathering. | 41 | |
| 4281555478 | "Voice of America" | Authorized by Congress in 1948, began beaming American radio broadcasts behind the iron curtain. | 42 | |
| 4281555479 | Selective Service System | military draft, resurrected by Congress in 1948, providing for the conscription of selected young men from nineteen to twenty-five years of age. Shaped millions of young people's educational, marital, and career plans in the following quarter century. | 43 | |
| 4281555480 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | Military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the common threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism | 44 | |
| 4281555481 | General Douglas MacArthur | U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman | 45 | |
| 4281555482 | Mao Zedong | Communist rebel leader of China against Jiang Jieshi. He let set up Communist China after defeating Jiang's army. | 46 | |
| 4281555483 | Formosa (Taiwan) | Jiang Jeishi last-hope island after he was forced to flee with the remnants by the Communist rebels. | 47 | |
| 4281555484 | Dean Acheson | U.S Secretary of State under Harry S. Truman. Both him and Roosevelt were assailed by the Republicans for Jiang Jieshi lost of power in China | 48 | |
| 4281555485 | H-bomb | hydrogen bomb-- a city-smashing thermonuclear weapon that was a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb. Truman ordered this weapon to be created in order to outpace the Soviets in the nuclear weaponry. | 49 | |
| 4281555486 | J. Robert Oppenheimer | Former scientific director of the Manhattan Project and current chair of the Atomic Energy Commission, led a group of scientists in opposition to the crash program to design thermonuclear weapons. | 50 | |
| 4281555487 | Loyalty Review Board | fear of communist spies, stirred the President to create this board which interrogated federal employees who either resigned or were dismissed without formal indictment. | 51 | |
| 4281555488 | Smith Act of 1940 | The first peacetime antisedition law since 1798. | 52 | |
| 4281555489 | Dennis v. United States | In 1949 eleven communists were brought before a New York jury for violating the Smith Act of 1940, the first peacetime antisedition law since 1798. | 53 | |
| 4281555490 | House Un-American Activities Committee | (HUAC)Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "subversion." Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss. | 54 | |
| 4281555491 | Richard M. Nixon | Young California congressman whose investigation of Alger Hiss spurred fears of communist influence in America | 55 | |
| 4281555492 | Alger Hiss | a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment" who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930s. | 56 | |
| 4281555493 | Joseph R. McCarthy | Senator Joseph McCarthy led the search for communist in Washington in which all of manners of real or perceived social changes could be tarred with a red brush. | 57 | |
| 4281555494 | McCarran Internal Security Bill | Vetoed by Truman in 1950 but enacted by congress. It gave the president power to arrest and detain suspicious people during an "internal security emergency." | 58 | |
| 4281555495 | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | Two American citizens, convicted for leaking atomic data to Moscow and were executed leaving behind two orphaned children. Their sensational trail and electrocution, combined with sympathy for their two orphaned children, began to sour some sober citizens on the excesses of the red-hunters. | 59 | |
| 4281555496 | Thomas E. Dewey. | Republican renominated New York governor who mistakenly believed to have won the 1948 elections. | 60 | |
| 4281555497 | "Dixiecrats" | Southern Democrats from thirteen states, who nominated Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina on a State's Rights party ticket. | 61 | |
| 4281555498 | Henry A. Wallace | Nominated by the new Progressive party. So-called Pied Piper of the Politburo took an apparently pro-Soviet line that earned him drenching with rotten eggs in hostile cities. | 62 | |
| 4281555499 | "Point Four" | Roosevelt's "bold new program" that aimed to lend U.S money and technical aid to underdeveloped lands to help them help themselves. Also in an aim to prevent this countries from seeking aid from the USSR and therefore not becoming communist. | 63 | |
| 4281555500 | Fair Deal | Truman's program that called for improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs, and an extension of Social Security. | 64 | |
| 4281555501 | National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68) | 1950)National Security Council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peace-time armed forces to address Cold War tensions. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibilities of postwar prosperity. | 65 | |
| 4281555502 | 38th Parallel | Dividing line between North and South Korea | 66 | |
| 4281555503 | Korean War | (1950-1953) First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. | 67 | |
| 4281564272 | Operation Wetback | Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico | 68 | |
| 4281565911 | The Feminine Mystique | written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities | 69 | |
| 4281572082 | Checker's Speech | A speech made by vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1952 after he had been accused of improprieties regarding a fund established for him to reimburse him for his political expenses. In it, he said that he defended himself and said regardless of what everyone else thought, he would keep a dog that his kids had named checkers. It led to an outpouring of support for Nixon and it secured his place on the republican ticket for the 1952 election. | 70 | |
| 4281576503 | Montgomery Bus Boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. | 71 | |
| 4281578635 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. | 72 | |
| 4281580738 | SNCC | (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement | 73 | |
| 4281583812 | Federal Highway Act of 1956 | This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history. | 74 | |
| 4281587031 | Policy of Boldness | Foreign policy objective of Dwight Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who believed in changing the containment strategy to one that more directly engaged the Soviet Union and attempted to roll back communist influence around the world. This policy led to a build-up of America's nuclear arsenal to threaten "massive retaliation" against communist enemies, launching the Cold War's arms race. | 75 | |
| 4281590888 | Hungarian Uprising | Hungary didn't like the soviets and communism so they declared themselves to be a free nation but the Communist Red Army invaded the capital city and forced the Hungarians to be strictly communist. | 76 | |
| 4281594910 | Dien Bien Phu | A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina. | 77 | |
| 4281596621 | Suez Crisis | July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power | 78 | |
| 4281601122 | OPEC | An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. | 79 | |
| 4281602661 | Sputnik | First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. | 80 | |
| 4281604068 | kitchen debate | Debate between Nixon and Khrushchev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate. | 81 | |
| 4281608581 | military industrial complex | Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. | 82 | |
| 4281611951 | abstract expressionism | An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes. | 83 | |
| 4281614337 | international style | a common formal language that transcended regional boundaries developed by architects | 84 | |
| 4281615596 | Beat Generation | Group highlighted by writers and artist who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity. | 85 | |
| 4281617993 | Southern Renaissance | A literary outpouring among mid-twentieth-century southern writers, begun by William Faulkner and marked by a new critical appreciation of the region's burdens of history, racism, and conservatism. | 86 | |
| 4281619981 | New Frontier | Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military | 87 | |
| 4281623725 | Final Frontier | the last place for humans to explore | 88 | |
| 4281623726 | Peace Corps | (JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America | 89 | |
| 4281626452 | Apollo | The bold project to put a man on the moon proposed by JFK. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon. "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." | 90 | |
| 4281628300 | Berlin Wall | A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world. | 91 | |
| 4281630162 | EEC | European Economic Community [PROMOTED FREE TRADE] usually called the Common Market, in 1957, six European nations signed the Treaty of Rome, which provided for the gradual abolition of tariffs and import quotas among the six member nations. (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemberg.) | 92 | |
| 4281636734 | Bay of Pigs | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. | 93 | |
| 4281637870 | Cuban Missile Crisis | an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba | 94 | |
| 4281642740 | Freedom Riders | Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation | 95 | |
| 4281644739 | March on Washington | In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial. | 96 | |
| 4281648462 | Richard Nixon | 1969-1964; Republican; Ended Vietnam War; Recognized China/ Watergate scandal; First president to resign | 97 | |
| 4281653338 | Betty Friedan | 1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". | 98 | |
| 4281653340 | Rosa Parks | United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) | 99 | |
| 4281656290 | Martin Luther King Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) | 100 | |
| 4281658163 | Earl Warren | Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes. | 101 | |
| 4281660008 | John Dulles | Eisenhower's Sec. of State; harsh anti-Communist; called for more radical measures to roll back communism where it had already spread (containment too cautious) | 102 | |
| 4281662675 | Nikita Khrushchev | A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia. | 103 | |
| 4281664861 | Ho Chi Minh | (1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union, he guided Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation. | 104 | |
| 4281684143 | Gamal Abdel Nasser | Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies | 105 | |
| 4281685317 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba | 106 | |
| 4281687130 | JFK | 1961-1963, Democrat, both parties had the platform of civil rights planks and a national health program, used president to be elected and first Roman Catholic | 107 | |
| 4281691636 | Lyndon Johnson | 1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid. | 108 | |
| 4281695513 | Jackson Pollock | A twentieth-century American painter, famous for creating abstract paintings by dripping or pouring paint on a canvas in complex swirls and spatters. | 109 | |
| 4281697160 | Andy Warhol | An American commercial illustrator and artist famous for his Campbell's soup painting. He was the founder of the pop-art movement, which like all other art movements in history reflected something back on the present society. | 110 | |
| 4281699970 | Jack Kerouac | A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plot less ramblings. | 111 | |
| 4281702099 | Arthur Miller | Death of a Salesman | 112 | |
| 4281706035 | Ralph Ellison | Invisible Man | 113 | |
| 4281707578 | Robert F. Kennedy | He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968. | 114 | |
| 4281711041 | Robert McNamara | The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architech for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly | 115 | |
| 4281714612 | Ngo Dinh Diem | American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963. | 116 | |
| 4281716550 | James Meredith | He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy. | 117 | |
| 4281782418 | McCarthyism | The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee. | 118 | |
| 4281783728 | dynamic conservatism | Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats. | 119 | |
| 4281786024 | Indian New Deal | 1930's legislation that gave Indians greater control of their own affairs and provided further funding for schools and hospitals. | 120 | |
| 4281788008 | massive retaliation | The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. | 121 | |
| 4281790536 | Geneva summit conference in 1955 | President Eisenhower attempted to make peace with the new Soviet Union dictator, Nikita Khrushchev, following Stalin's death. Peace negotiations were rejected. | 122 | |
| 4281793434 | Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957 | pledged US military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression—real threat was nationalism (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, and stranglehold on Western economies) | 123 | |
| 4281797333 | Camp David | A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel | 124 | |
| 4284658781 | Geneva Convention of 1954 | At this convention, the region of Indochina was divided into Vietnam, Cambodia, & Laos. Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel, with communists in the north under Ho Chi Minh & anti-communists in the south under Diem. It also decided to hold elections/reunite Vietnam in 2 years. | 125 | |
| 4284664031 | Spirit of Geneva | USSR and US conferring on peace in 1955, couldn't agree on demilitarization or Open Skies but suspended nuclear tests | 126 | |
| 4284681511 | Why the Suez Canal was Nationalized | 127 | ||
| 4284764243 | NDEA | National Defense Education Act provided money for education and training in science, math, and foreign languages | 128 | |
| 4284810352 | JFK Brain Trust | Robert Kennedy Edgar Hoover Robert McNamara | 129 | |
| 4284856271 | Flexible Response | A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons. | 130 | |
| 4284924120 | Missile Gap | The United States and the Soviet Union were involved in a race to discover who had more missiles and war equipment. The missile gap was the difference in how much the United States had compared to how much the Soviet Union had. | 131 | |
| 4284941415 | détente | This was the idea that the US and the USSR could coexist peacefully without the need of an arms race | 132 | |
| 4287553774 | Edgar Hoover | John Edgar Hoover was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States. | 133 | |
| 4287702203 | Policy of Containment | a plan to keep something, such as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves | 134 |
