An Age of Anxiety
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| 154860556 | War Communism | Nationalism- war communism. Gov. Assumed control. Industrialization and ag. Outputs fell. Faced w/ economic paralysis, Lenin decided on reversal of war communism. | 0 | |
| 154860557 | The New Economic Policy | Lenin implemented New Economic Policy (NEP) - temporarily restored market economy and small businesses. Vigorous program of electrification of technical schools to train technicians and engineers. Lenin didn't live to see the success of NEP. Death followed by bitter struggle for power among Bolshevik leaders. | 1 | |
| 154860558 | Joseph Stalin | Old Bolsheviks continued to argue that socialism would fail if socialism didn't move from national to international stage. Politburo- governing body of the communist party. They favored establishing socialism in one country alone. Stalin- (meant man of steel) completely triumphed over his rivals in the party, clearing the way for an unchallenged dictatorship of the Soviet Union. | 2 | |
| 154860559 | First Five- Year Plan | Decided to replace Lenin's NEP w/ the First Five Year Plan. To transform the Soviet from predominately ag. Society to a leading industrial power. | 3 | |
| 154860560 | Collectivization of Agriculture | Viewed collectivization as means of increasing the efficiency of ag. Production and ensuring that industrial workers had food. Kulaks- wealthy peasants who became wealthy during NEP. Some slaughtered their livestock, burned their crops and moved to the city. Stalin called halt to collectivization only after ½ of the peasant land had been collectivized and 3 million peasants lost their lives. First Five Year Plan claimed success after 4 years and they set emphasis on building heavy industries first, then consumer industries later. Having more jobs than workers could fill was a more attractive alternative to the depression- ridden capitalist world. | 4 | |
| 154860561 | The Great Purge | First Five Year Plan cause controversy. Communist party prepared for 17th congress, the self-f proclaimed Congress of Victors. Disaster of collectivization raised doubt about Stalin's administration. Congress of Victors became Congress of Victims as Stalin executed or imprisoned many of them for opposition so he could "cleanse" the gov. and military. The outside worlds watched the events unfold in the Soviet. This Union seemed to demonstrate the viability of communism as a social and political system. | 5 | |
| 154860562 | The Fascist Alternative | Fascism- political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society. Benito Mussolini adopted this system for Italian Fascist movement. Movements comparable to Italian fascism subsequently developed political life in many Euro. Societies [most notable- Germany w/ National Socialism (Nazism)]. | 6 | |
| 154860563 | Defining Fascism | Fascism attracted millions of followers and especially attractive to middle class and rural pops. Also attractive to nationalists who denounced their gov. for failing to realize the glorious objectives for which they had fought during the Great War. Fascist sought to create a new national community defined as either a nation- state or a unique ethnic or radical group.Fascists were hostile to liberal democracy, which they viewed as weak and decadent. Fascist movements emphasized nationalism (chauvinism) and a fear for foreign people (xenophobia). They viewed boundaries as artificial restraints. In practice militarism meant that fascist regimes maintained large and expensive military establishments. | 7 | |
| 154860564 | Italian Fascism | There was widespread disappointment over Italy's skimpy territorial spoils from the peace settlement after the Great War. | 8 | |
| 154860565 | Benito Mussolini | Guiding force behind Italian fascism- Benito Mussolini who was a former socialist. He was convinced that the war represented a turning point for the nation. Soldiers returning would create a new type of state. He established the Fasci Italiani de Combattimento (Italian Combat Veteran League). They managed to have 35 fascist leaders elected to the Italian Parliament. Most public support resulted from violence against socialist by fascist armed squads known as Blackshirts. The socialist party organized militant strikes throughout northern industrial cities causing a state of incipient civil war. Mussolini decided it was time for a fascist seizure of power. He staged a march on Rome where King Victor Emmanuel II hastily asked Mussolini to become prime minister and form a new gov. Mussolini inaugurated a fascist regime. | 9 | |
| 154860566 | The Fascist State | Mussolini seized power as a dictator and ruled Italy as II Duce ("the leader"). Marked anti-fascist "subversives" found themselves imprisoned or exiled on remote islands. II Duce also crushed labor unions and prohibited labor strikes. In an effort to harmonize the interests the regime tried to establish a corporatist order that was based on the vague fascist concept of corporatism which viewed society as under the control of the state. In theory, a National Council of Corporations. In reality, a scheme that was little more than a propaganda effort. | 10 | |
| 154994385 | Shanfei | Shanfei- Gentry daughter. Father made her do foot binding but allowed he to get small edu. When father died, mother took off the foot bandages and sent her to a modern school far away. She gave up school, joined the Communist Youth, and gave up her fiancé for a free marriage w/ the man she loved (a peasant leader in communist movement). | 11 | |
| 154994386 | ... | Marxists believed capitalist society was dying. They had faith that a system based on rule by proletariat was beginning. The new rulers of Russia: Lenin and later Stalin transformed the tsarist empire into the world's fist socialist society- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. People uncomfortable w/ proletariat were activist in political movements that promoted alternatives to socialism and offered revolutionary answers to the problems (Fascists). Among these, Italy and Germany were most prominent. | 12 | |
| 154994387 | ... | Lenin and Bolsheviks- took power in name of Russian working class. Defended world's first Dictatorship of the Proletariat against enemies (ppl unhappy w/ the system) | 13 | |
| 154994388 | ... | Opposition to Bolshevik party (now the Russian Communist Party) erupted into civil war. Lenin's gov. began crushing all opposition (Whites). Communists (red Terror) arrested, tried and killed anti- communists (Whites). Bolsheviks executed Tsar Nicholas II and rest of the Romanov family. Peasantry supported Bolsheviks in fear the White victory would bring back a monarchy, but former allies sent troops to help Whites. Whites were defeated by Reds. Political system played a significant role in development of Soviet State. | 14 |
