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| 5940562994 | Cytology | scientific study of cells | 0 | |
| 5940572624 | Louise Pasteur | demonstrated " all cells arise from other cells" Refuted idea of spontaneous generation | 1 | |
| 5940581510 | Cell Theory | All organisms composed of cells and cell products Cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life An organisms structure/ function due to activities in cells Cells come only from pre-existing cells | 2 | |
| 5940603470 | How many types of cells are in the human body? | 200 types with varied shapes | 3 | |
| 5940605499 | Squamous | thin, flat, scaly |  | 4 |
| 5940610758 | Cuboidal | squarish looking |  | 5 |
| 5940621634 | Columnar | taller than wide |  | 6 |
| 5940621635 | Polygonal | having irregularly angular shapes with four, five, or more sides | 7 | |
| 5940621636 | Stellate | star-shaped |  | 8 |
| 5940625168 | Spheroid to Ovoid | round to oval |  | 9 |
| 5940625169 | Discoid | disc-shaped |  | 10 |
| 5940625170 | Fusiform | thick in the middle and tapered towards the ends |  | 11 |
| 5940627254 | Fibrous | thread-like |  | 12 |
| 5940648682 | What are the size of most cells? | 10-15 micrometers in diameter | 13 | |
| 5940652633 | Size of egg cells? | about 100 micrometers | 14 | |
| 5940654109 | Size of nerve cells? | Over 1 metre long | 15 | |
| 5940655291 | Limit on cell size: | an overly large cell cannot support itself, may rupture For a given increase in diameter, volume increases more than surface area | 16 | |
| 5940668161 | What happens if cell is too big? | Oxygen will not get through (diffusion) because volume is too big | 17 | |
| 5940677116 | Light Microscope reveals: | plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm | 18 | |
| 5940681802 | Transmission Electron Microscope reveals: | improved resolution ( ability to reveal detail) | 19 | |
| 5940688225 | Scanning Electron Microscope: | Reveals even more improved resolution. The best. | 20 | |
| 5940697233 | Plasma Cell Membrane | Surrounds cell, defines boundaries Made of Proteins and Lipids | 21 | |
| 5940703311 | Cytoplasm | Contains: organelles, cytoskeleton, inclusions, cytosol | 22 | |
| 5940710154 | Extracellular Fluid ECF | Fluid outside of cells includes tissue (interstitial) fluid | 23 | |
| 5940722760 | Plasma Membrane: Anatomy | Appears as pair of dark parallel line when viewed with EM Has intracellular and extracellular faces |  | 24 |
| 5940731749 | Plasma Membrane: Functions | Defines cell boundaries Governs interactions with other cells Controls passage of materials in and out of cell | 25 | |
| 5940790462 | What percent of membrane molecules are lipids? | 98% | 26 | |
| 5940794180 | Phospholipids | 75% of membrane lipids are phospholipids | 27 | |
| 5940811589 | Amphipathic molecules arranged in a bilayer | hydrophilic phosphate heads face water on each side of membrane hydrophobic tails are directed toward the centre, avoiding water Drift laterally, keeping membrane fluid | 28 | |
| 5940819001 | Cholesterol | 20% of the membrane lipids Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane | 29 | |
| 5940824313 | Glycolipid (Glycogen) | 5% of membrane lipids phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face contributes to glycocalyx - carbohydrate coating on cell surface | 30 | |
| 5940850424 | Membrane Proteins: | 2% of the molecules but 50% of the weight of membrane | 31 | |
| 5940857962 | Integral Proteins | Transmembrane proteins pass completely through Hydrophilic regions contact cytoplasm, extracellular fluid Hydrophobic regions pass through lipid of the membrane Some drift in membrane, others anchored to cytoskeleton | 32 | |
| 5940887184 | Peripheral Proteins | Adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it) Usually tethered to cytoskeleton | 33 | |
| 5940908221 | Receptors | Bind chemical signals | 34 | |
| 5940913902 | Enzymes | Catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules, production of second messengers | 35 | |
| 5940944024 | Channel Proteins | allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass through membrane Crucial to nerve and muscle function | 36 | |
| 5940950421 | Not all channel proteins are always open... | Some channel proteins are always protein whereas some are gated | 37 | |
| 5940956137 | Ligand Gated Channels | Respond to chemical messengers | 38 | |
| 5940958028 | Voltage-gated channels | respond to charge changes | 39 | |
| 5940961343 | Mechanically gated channels | Respond to physical stress on cell | 40 | |
| 5940987674 | Carriers | Bind solutes and transfer them across membrane Pumps: carriers that consume ATP | 41 | |
| 5941021730 | Cell Identity Markers | Glycoproteins acting as identification tags | 42 | |
| 5941023089 | Cell Adhesion molecules | mechanically link cell to extracellular material | 43 | |
| 5941028201 | Second Messenger System | 1. Chemical first messenger (epinephrine) binds to a surface receptor 2. Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein relays signal to adenylate cyclase which coverts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger) 4. cAMP activates cytoplasmic kinases 5. kinases add phosphate groups to other enzymes turning some on and others off |  | 44 |
| 5941065014 | kinase | An enzyme that phosphorylates something else. Kinases are frequently used in regulatory pathways, phosphorylating other enzymes. ACTIVIATING PROTEIN | 45 | |
| 5941055141 | G Proteins | Up to 60% of drugs work through G proteins and second messengers | 46 | |
| 5941076341 | Amplification | from 1 ligand to 1 million cAMP | 47 | |
| 5941108986 | The Glycocalyx | Fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane Carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids Unique in everyone but identical twins | 48 | |
| 5941120893 | The Glycocalyx Functions | protection cell adhesion immunity to infection defence agains cancer development transplant compatibility fertilization embryonic | 49 | |
| 5941131669 | Microvilli | extension of membranes ( 1 -2 microns) gives 15-40 times more surface area Best developed in cells specialized in absorption On some absorptive cells they are very dense and appear as"brush border" Some contain Actin filaments that are tugged toward centre of cell to milk absorbed contents of cell |  | 50 |
| 6000443647 | Cilia | Hair like processes 7-10 microns single nonmotile primary cilium found on nearly every cell cells antenna for monitoring nearby conditions helps with balance in inner ear light detection in retina | 51 | |
| 6000466609 | Multiple non motile cilia | found sensory cells of nose | 52 | |
| 6000468124 | ciliopathies | defects in structure/function of cilia | 53 | |
| 6000469543 | motile cilia | found in respiratory tract, uterine tubes, ventricles of brain, ducts of testes beat in waves sweeping materials across surface in one direction | 54 | |
| 6000475704 | axoneme | core of motile cilia 9+2 structure of microtules 2 central microtubules followed by ring of nine pairs uses energy from atp | 55 | |
| 6000513923 | Chlorine pumps | produces saline layer that cilia beats in | 56 | |
| 6000518761 | Flagella | sperm tail whip like structure with axoneme | 57 | |
| 6000523337 | movement of flagella | undulating, snakelike, corkscrew fasion | 58 | |
| 6000529680 | pseudopods anatomy | cytoplasm filled extension of the cell varying shape from fine, filamentous to blunt finger like processes. | 59 | |
| 6000539154 | pseudopods functions | used for cellular locomotion capturing foreign particles | 60 | |
| 6000541934 | examples of psedopods | amoeba, neutrophils, macropages | 61 | |
| 6000578833 | cell membrane is barrier and gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF is | selectively permeable | 62 | |
| 6000582942 | Filtration | Particles are driven through membrane by physical force | 63 | |
| 6000624554 | Simple Diffusion | Net movement of parties from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration | 64 | |
| 6000643911 | Factors affecting simple diffusion | high temp, faster diffusion high weight, lower diffusion higher concentration diff, faster diffusion membrane SA, higher SA, faster diffusion membrane permeability, higher rate, | 65 | |
| 6000656729 | Osmosis | Flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other water moves down water concentration | 66 | |
| 6000667093 | osmotic imbalances underlie | diarreah, constipation, edema | 67 | |
| 6000668799 | aquaphorins | channel proteins in channel membranes specialized for H20 passage. | 68 | |
| 6000672158 | Osmotic Pressure - Hydrostic pressure | required to stop osmosis increases as amount of non permeating solute rises | 69 | |
| 6000681745 | Reverse osmosis | process of applying mechanical pressure to override osmotic pressure allows purification of water | 70 | |
| 6000688664 | Osmolarity | numer of osmoses per litre of solution | 71 | |
| 6000695699 | osmolality | number of osmoles of solute per kg of water | 72 | |
| 6000699817 | Tonicity | ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in cell` | 73 | |
| 6000709241 | Hypotonic solution | causes cell to absorb water and swell concentration of non permeating solute is lowers than ICF | 74 | |
| 6000712222 | hypertonic solution | cell loses water and shrivels [non permeating solutes] higher than ICF | 75 | |
| 6000715483 | Isotonic solution | causes no change in cell volume concentration on non permeating solutes is equal to ICF | 76 | |
| 6000724684 | carrier mediated transport | transport protein in membrane carry solutes into or out of cell/organelle | 77 | |
| 6000728943 | Specificity | transport proteins are specific for particular solutes | 78 | |
| 6000759322 | Saturation | As solute concentration rises the rate of transport rises but only to a point: transport maximum | 79 | |
| 6000765500 | 3 Types of carriers | uniport, symport and antiport | 80 | |
| 6000766823 | Uniport | carries only 1 type of solute | 81 | |
| 6000768633 | symport | carroes 2 or more solutes | 82 | |
| 6000768634 | antiport | carries 2 or more solutes in opposite direction | 83 | |
| 6000772985 | Facilitated Transport | carrier moves solute down its concentration gradient ( no ATP consumed) | 84 | |
| 6000792887 | Primary Active transport | carrier moves solute up its concentration gradient ( requires ATP) ex. uniport, antiport | 85 | |
| 6000798189 | Sodium Potassium pump | A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out (lower con.) of the cell and potassium (higher con.) into the cell against their concentration gradients. | 86 | |
| 6000807288 | Secondary Active Transport | carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly | 87 | |
| 6000819191 | SGLT | This transporter is involved in symport of sodium and monosaccharides | 88 | |
| 6000829531 | Vesicular transport | Transport of (bulk) large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes bubble like enclosure of membrane | 89 | |
| 6000833242 | Endocytosis | A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. | 90 | |
| 6000834567 | Phagocytosis | Cell eating - engulfing large particles ex. pseudopods, phagosomes, macrophages |  | 91 |
| 6000838676 | pinocytosis | cell drinking - takes in droplets of ECF contains molecules useful in cells |  | 92 |
| 6000844035 | receptor mediated endocytosis | The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances. |  | 93 |
| 6000884766 | exocytosis | Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material utizile motor proteins energized by ATP |  | 94 |
| 6000887433 | transcytosis | Receptor mediated transport from one side of the cell to another |  | 95 |
| 6000898786 | Cytoskeleton Structure | made up of three types of protein fibers: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. Network of internal scaffolding throughout the cell. | 96 | |
| 6000907531 | Cytoskeleton function | 1. maintains cell shape 2.aids in cell movement 3. holds organelles in position | 97 | |
| 6000919689 | organelles | Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell. | 98 | |
| 6000922113 | nucleus | A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction | 99 | |
| 6000924801 | nucleus structure | double membrane (nuclear envelope) nuclear lamina (nuclear envelope 'cavity' nuceloplasm (materials in nucleus) chromatin (composed of dna/protein) nucleolus (contains ribosomes) | 100 | |
| 6000948872 | Rough Endoplasmic reticulum structure | parallel flattened sacs covered with ribosome continuous with outer layer of nuclear envlp. | 101 | |
| 6000962795 | Rough ER Function | produces phospholipids/ proteins of the PM synthesize proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell | 102 | |
| 6001009530 | Smooth ER Structure | Tubules and vesicles that form a network with no ribosomes attached. | 103 | |
| 6001007579 | Smooth ER Function | Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells). | 104 | |
| 6001014853 | Ribosomes structure | small granules of protein and DNA found in nucleoli, cytosol and on outer surface of rough ER | 105 | |
| 6001019640 | ribosome function | they read coded genetic messages (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code | 106 | |
| 6001028286 | Golgi Complex structure | small system of cisternae | 107 | |
| 6001032623 | golgi complex function | synthesizes carbs and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis -modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusions in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis | 108 | |
| 6001038778 | lysosomes | package of enzymes bound by a membrane | 109 | |
| 6001041476 | lysosome function | • function as an intracellular digestion system, processing material ingested by the cell or worn | 110 | |
| 6001043373 | autophagy | digestion of cells surplus organelles | 111 | |
| 6001049196 | autolysis | self-digestion occurring in plant and animal tissues, particularly after they have ceased to function properly | 112 | |
| 6001051321 | peroxisomes | resembles lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by ER abudundant in liver | 113 | |
| 6001056967 | proteosomes | hollow cyclindrical organelle that disposes of surplus proteins | 114 | |
| 6001063147 | mitochondria | Called the powerhouse of the cell. Where a cell get's all it's energy from. synthesizes ATP. | 115 | |
| 6001069989 | centrioles | a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. | 116 | |
| 6001075797 | inclusions | stored glycogen granules, crystals, pigments, and so on | 117 |
