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| 13663599 | devolution | The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states. | |
| 13663600 | block grants | Money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington. | |
| 13663601 | necessary and proper clause | Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution. | |
| 13663602 | nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | |
| 13663603 | dual federalism | Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate. | |
| 13663604 | police power | State power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals. | |
| 13663605 | initiative | Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot. | |
| 13663606 | referendum | Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature. | |
| 13663607 | recall | Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office. | |
| 13663608 | grants-in-aid | Money given by the national government to the states. | |
| 13663609 | categorical grants | Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport. | |
| 13663610 | revenue sharing | Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states. | |
| 13663611 | conditions of aid | Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds. | |
| 13663612 | mandates | Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants. | |
| 14273633 | enumerated powers | print money, declare war, and make treaties | |
| 14274117 | reserved powers | establish educational system, create local governments, and establish election procedures | |
| 14274118 | concurrent powers | levy and collect taxes, borrow money, and establish courts | |
| 14274119 | inherent powers | regulate immigration, acquire territory, and deport aliens | |
| 14274120 | cooperative federalism | stresses federalism as a system to deliver governmental goods and services to the people | |
| 14274121 | competitive federalism | interprets federalism as a national government, 50 states, and thousand of other units, each working for the support of citizens | |
| 14274122 | marble cake federalism | conceives federalism as a marble cake in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs | |
| 14274123 | devolution federalism | developed during the nixon era. it called for the return of some authority to the states | |
| 14274124 | new federalism | developed during the reagan years. it called for returning authority for programs and taxation to state governments | |
| 14274483 | full faith and credit | requires other states to enforce the civil judgments of other courts | |
| 14274484 | priviledges and immunities | states must extend to citizens of other states the same rights and privileges that are afforded to their own citizens | |
| 14274485 | interstate compacts | an agreement between two or more states and or foreign nations | |
| 14274486 | extradition | a legal process in which a fugitive from justice in a state is returned to that state from another | |
| 14279901 | project grants | ones for which recipients must apply directly to the agency responsible for the grant | |
| 14308275 | direct orders | a regulation imposed by the u.s. government. for example, the Equal Opportunity Employment Act bars job discrimination by state and local governments on the basis of race, color, sex, and creed | |
| 14308276 | partial preemption | if the states fail to enforce the base-level standard set by congress, the national government assumes responsibility | |
| 14308277 | crosscutting requirements | conditions imposed on categorical grants to further social and economic objectives, such as nondiscrimination and environmental protection | |
| 14308278 | crossover sanctions | if the state does not comply with the conditions of a grant, the national government will restrict the government in other areas |
