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| 10506921035 | Martin Luther | A german friar who kick-started the protestant reformation after allegedly nailing his 95 theses to the door of a church in Germany. He believed that the bible was the source of God's word alone. |  | 0 |
| 10506925070 | Calvinism | A religious ideology created by John Calvin, a religious leader in Genoa. This religion stated that God chose who would go to heaven and to Hell at the beginning, making those going to heaven the elect (this was called predestination). This religion was accepted by New England Puritans, Scottish presbytyrians, Huguenots, and communicants of the Dutch reformed church. |  | 1 |
| 10506934307 | Conversion | A sign from God that you were one of the elect. It was often believed to be an intense experience, and those that went through one were expected to live a chaste life afterwards. |  | 2 |
| 10506945012 | Henry VIII | The king of England who, during the 1530's split from the Catholic Church in order to get a divorce with his current wife. This created the Anglican Church, which didn't reform to classic beliefs as a result of his action stimulating puritans. |  | 3 |
| 10506952059 | Puritans | Those who wished for total purification of English Christianity. They were drawn to Calvinism by the idea of predestination comforting them during their unrestful lives in the woolen district. Many were very unhappy with the slow progress of the Protestant Revolution. |  | 4 |
| 10506959122 | Separtists | A group of Puritans that felt the need to separate themselves from other Puritans as a result of believing that only the "visible saints" (those that evidently went through conversions), should be admitted in the Church. Because the church was open to all, these people were dissatisfied. |  | 5 |
| 10506964965 | James I | A Scottish monarch of the Stuart bloodline that was head of both the state and church. He believed that if subjects defied religious standards, they'd defy him politically as well. As a result, he kicked out the Separtists. |  | 6 |
| 10506981217 | America | After a group of separtists went to Holland, they decided that ______ would serve as a suitable safe haven, as a result of the "dutchification" of their children. |  | 7 |
| 10506984797 | Mayflower | The famous ship that carried the Separtists to America following gaining the rights to settle through the Virginia company. The ship, however, missed it's mark and landed in New England! The captain of the ship was Myles Standish. |  | 8 |
| 10507006584 | Plymouth Bay | This was the location in which the group decided to stay. It was outside of the Virginia company's boundaries, thus rendering the group to become Squatters. |  | 9 |
| 10507010218 | Mayflower Compact | A document signed prior to the voyage that established a form of crude government and majority rule once they arrived at their destination. |  | 10 |
| 10507012913 | Winter | Even after the first ______ of the pilgrims (from 1620-1621), the separtists refused to leave once the Mayflower returned to England. Thankfully, the following autumn, the pilgrims were met with a bountiful harvest. |  | 11 |
| 10507019042 | William Bradford | A self-taught scholar who was elected governor thirty times. He was famous for his fear of non-Puritan settlers, who oftentimes split from the colony to fishing villages. |  | 12 |
| 10507035334 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | A colony established by a group of non-separtist Puritans as a result of the purges of Charles I and the superiority of archbishop Laud. They had their own charter as well. |  | 13 |
| 10507042882 | Great English Migration | The 1630's event in which there was a large influx of refugees from England seeking America. Not all were Puritan and not all went to the MBC (some Puritans even went to the west Indies). |  | 14 |
| 10507054509 | John Winthrop | The MBC's first governor and subsequent deputy and governor for 19 years! He was able to help the colony prosper through trading, fishing, and shipbuilding. |  | 15 |
| 10507091071 | Democracy | Despite the right to vote being given to "freemen" (male members of the Puritan church), the Separtists were highly opposed to ________ government as they thought it was evil! |  | 16 |
| 10507094528 | Clergy | The _____ had a high amount of influence in the MBC. They conducted interogations for conversions and enforced religious rules (an example being John Cotton). However, the church's power was not absolute, as members of the _____ could fired and weren't allowed to hold public office (promoting the idea of church-state seperation). |  | 17 |
| 10507107256 | Protestant Ethic | The Puritans way of life could be summed up in the idea of the _____ ____, a commitment to work and worldly pursuits. While the Puritans also reveled in simple pleasures, many harsh laws were passed to ensure all were living a pious life. No one wants to go to HELL! |  | 18 |
| 10507133330 | Quakers | A group of religious people often labeled as dissenters by the MBC's government. They were banished, hung, and fined for no good reason. |  | 19 |
| 10507137244 | Anne Hutchinson | A smart woman that created the concept of antinomianism: the idea that a holy life didn't guarantee salvation and that the elect need not follow the laws of God or man. This got her on trial. She was subsequently banished after claiming that this idea had come to her through a conversion! |  | 20 |
| 10507166131 | Roger Williams | A salem minister that believed that they should completely break from the English church. He also challenged the charter (for taking land from natives) and denied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior. This of course, got him banished in 1635. |  | 21 |
| 10507187534 | Rhode Island | In this area, Roger Williams established a church in which freedom of religion was allowed. This gave way for a variety of groups and people, all outcasts. This became the most liberal settlement in the New World, and soon other settlements sprung up across the area. It was an independent, individualistic, squatter state that the MBC looked upon with disgust. |  | 22 |
| 10507216728 | Hartford | A small colony established in 1636 by John Hooker in connecticut |  | 23 |
| 10507219400 | Fundamental Orders | A constitution that established a democratic regime run by substantial citizens. |  | 24 |
| 10507222721 | New Haven | A colony established in Connecticut in 1638 by a group of Puritans. This group wanted a closer relationship between the church and government. Unfortunately, this town housed the judges that sentenced then king Charles II's father to death. This resulted in the crown establishing a charter that combined New Haven with other settlements in Connecticut. | 25 | |
| 10507237122 | Absorbed | The MBC ________ several different spots. These included the land that Gorges tried to colonize and New Hampshire (however, this was split from there by the crown). |  | 26 |
| 10507267939 | Disease | English fisherman passed on _______ to the Indians, resulting in the deaths of thousands. This left huts for the English to take stuff from. | 27 | |
| 10507271496 | Pequot War | A war fought between the English and Pequots following expansion into the Connecticut river valley. This was ended following a bloody 1637 raid on a town in which homes were burned and survivors were shot. |  | 28 |
| 10507278864 | Squanto | An Indian who assisted the Pilgrims at the New England colony. He spoke English and helped a treaty form between the two groups. |  | 29 |
| 10507285972 | Christianization | The process of converting Indians to the christian faith. This was performed during the 1600's. |  | 30 |
| 10507288436 | King Philip's War | A war that lasted from 1675-76 that was started by King Philip. He created an alliance that assaulted English villages, pushing back refugees to Boston. |  | 31 |
| 10507317434 | New England Confederation | A Puritan confederation consisting of the MBC, Plymouth, New Haven, and the scattered valley settlements. It's main purpose was to fend off enemies, and each colony was granted two votes. It was the first milestone toward colonial unity. |  | 32 |
| 10507330273 | Charles II | The English Civil war was a distraction for the monarchy of England, allowing the confederation to form. However, once ______ __ was crowned as ruler things soon changed. He wanted to actively take part in the colonies. As a result of the MBC's lack of royal recognition, he awarded Connecticut with a sea-to-sea charter grant. The Rhode Island colonies were given a tolerant charter. The MBC's old charter however was removed. | 33 | |
| 10507534306 | Dominion of New England | An administrative union of English colonies created by the crown in order to bolster colonial defense and promote the Navigation laws. |  | 34 |
| 10507538501 | Navigation Laws | Laws passed by England that sought to throttle American trade with non-English countries to maintain competitive trade. This encouraged much smuggling and resentment. |  | 35 |
| 10507538502 | Sir Edmond Andros | The head of the new dominion that: -was affiliated with the old church of England, making him a target in Puritan Boston -had soldiers that promoted blasphemy -curbed town meetings -restricted courts, the press, and schools -revoked land titles -taxed -promoted Nav. Laws and anti-smuggling |  | 36 |
| 10507546699 | Glorious Revolution | The revolution from 1688-89 in which William of Orange married Mary II in England. This revolution allowed the Dominion to collapse and lead to revolt against Andros in the colonies. | 37 | |
| 10507552081 | 1691 | During this year, the MBC was given a new royal charter and governor, ousting it's old and beloved charter. This loss was a major blow to the colony and now voting right were given to all men. | 38 | |
| 10507556501 | Challenge | The Glorious Revolution inspired colonists to _____ royal authority by striking against it. |  | 39 |
| 10507558438 | Salutary Neglect | A term that refers to the relaxation of monarchial grip on colonies, defined by the weakening of the navigation acts. |  | 40 |
| 10507560706 | English officials | There were _____ _____ appointed to high positions of power in the colonies. They were corrupt and stupid and prevented local leaders from assuming their rightful positions. | 41 | |
| 10514032237 | Netherlands | A European country ran by the Dutch that sought independence from Catholic Spain during the 16th century. With the aid of the English, they succeeded and entered into a golden age. Unfortunately, they challenged England, and several Anglo-Dutch Wars ensued. |  | 42 |
| 10514036681 | Dutch East India Company | A company established in the Netherlands that sought to gain wealth and economic power in the East Indies. This company hired Henry Hudson to sail northeast, however, he disregarded his orders in an attempt to find a shortcut across North America through the Hudson River. |  | 43 |
| 10514044539 | Dutch West India Company | A company established in the Netherlands that sought to gain wealth and economic power in the west. It maintained profitable enterprises in the Caribbean, raided Spanish ships, and established several outposts in Africa and Brazil. |  | 44 |
| 10514060250 | New Netherland | A colony established by the Dutch by the Hudson River in 1623. It was established as a way to get involved in the fur-trade. |  | 45 |
| 10514063306 | New Amsterdam | The DWIC bought Manhatten from Indians and established this colony. It was run by and for the company, and thus very little freedoms were issued. Governors were appointed by the company, and were very harsh! Religious dissenters were dealt with suspicion and often beaten (in the case of the Quakers). This colony was also highly diverse between different religions, languages, and social class. |  | 46 |
| 10514074308 | Patroonships | Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River that were given to promoters who agreed to put 50 within them. |  | 47 |
| 10514148046 | Indians | The Dutch colonies were a difficult place to live. The governors were incompetent. Dividends were demanded of by company stockholders at the expense of welfare. _______ greatly disliked these attributes, launching attacks resulting in the building of a stone wall. |  | 48 |
| 10514154609 | New England | This colony was hostile towards the new Dutch colonies and even attempted to eject them from their valley. |  | 49 |
| 10514157318 | Sweden | This country began to invade the lands of the Dutch following the start of the golden age. This golden age was the result of this country's victory in the Thirty Year's War. Unfortunately, a military expedition lead by Peter Stuyvesant attacked their fort and the colony absorbed surviving colonists. |  | 50 |
| 10514166212 | New Netherland | Much like New Amsterdam, England was discontent with this Dutch colony. Charles II promised their land to his brother, the Duke of York, resulting in an attack. Stuyvesant had no ammo to work with, causing the area to be handed over and renamed New York. The English gained a fantastic new harbor and new land as a result. | | 51 |
| 10514183255 | Landowning Families | Even after the English took New York, it maintained an aritstocratic vibe, as the government favored influential _______ ______ and gave them much power. This discouraged immigrants, thus stunting the colony's growth. However, the Dutch also enriched the culture through naming a variety of places, architecture, and traditions like Easter Egg hunting and golf. |  | 52 |
| 10514190213 | Quakers | The following were common characteristics of ______: -Offensive to authorities through refusal to pay taxes and support the English church -Meetinghouses in which they spoke up for themselves -All equal in the eyes of God -No oaths -Deep conviction and devoted pacifists |  | 53 |
| 10514200300 | William Penn | A Christian turned Quaker, he believed that the New World would provide a safe haven for Quakers. He also wanted to establish liberal ideas in government while also profiting from it. He gained a grant of land from the king and it was dubbed Pennsylvania. The colony wad heavily advertised and sought to recruit not just quakers, but also those who could fill in specific roles like Manual workers or masons. This resulted in a massive influx of immigrants. |  | 54 |
| 10514256903 | Indians | After Squatters simplified the process, the colony of Pennsylvania was launched in 1691. Penn bought land from several ______, who he was surprisingly fair to. The relations were great between them and the Quakers, however non-Quakers didn't follow the same idea, keeping a 100% peaceful relationship. |  | 55 |
| 10514269780 | Liberal | The following were the ways that Pennsylvania was very _____: -Representative society -Church wasn't corrupt -Freedom of worship (however Jews and Catholics were disenfranchised. -Death penalty was limited to murder and treason -No military -Easy immigration and naturalizaiton -Refusal to endorse slavery As a result of this, many ethnic groups were able to live here with their guaranteed rights (although the Blue Laws outlawed anything indecent) |  | 56 |
| 10514284964 | Grain | The Quakers were businessmen, and exporting this helped their colony grow to enormous size. | 57 | |
| 10514289723 | James II | Unfortunately, Penn became a little too buddy-buddy with this English king, resulting in three arrests, being tossed into debtor's jail, and a paralytic stroke. |  | 58 |
| 10514295095 | Other Quaker Settlements | These were the ____ _____ ______: -New Jersey: Proprietors got land from DOY, -West New Jersey: Sold to Quakers in 2674 -East New Jersey: Later acquired by Quakers -Delaware: Harbored some Quakers and was associated with Pennsylvania. |  | 59 |
| 10514329184 | Middle Colonies | The ______ _____ (New York, Penn, Dela, and NJ) shared a lot in common: -Fertile soil and grain exports -Industry and trade through rivers -Lumbering and shipbuilding -Small in size with a "meeting" based government -Ethnically mixed -Liberal rights -Democracy |  | 60 |
| 10514341979 | Benjamin Franklin | This major American historical figure came to the middle colonies at 17 and found his home there. At this time, the colonies were growing and Britain was relatively hands off. |  | 61 |
