Homeostasis ~ Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
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| 325722065 | anatomy | the structure of an organism | |
| 325722066 | physiology | the processes and functions of an organism | |
| 325722067 | interstitial fluid | the fluid filling the spaces between cells in most animals | |
| 325722068 | tissue | an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both | |
| 325722069 | organ | a specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues | |
| 325722070 | organ system | a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions | |
| 325722071 | epithelial tissue | sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities as well as external surfaces | |
| 325722072 | stratified squamous epithelium | multilayered and regenerates rapidly | |
| 325722073 | pseudostratified columnar epithelium | single layer of cells, varying in height | |
| 325722074 | simple squamous epithelium | single layer of platelike cells | |
| 325722075 | simple columnar epithelium | large, brick-shaped cells | |
| 325722076 | cuboidal epithelium | dice-shaped cells | |
| 325722077 | connective tissue | animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix | |
| 325722078 | fibroblast | a type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers | |
| 325722079 | macrophage | a phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell | |
| 325722080 | loose connective tissue | most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body | |
| 325722081 | fibrous connective tissue | dense with collagenous fibers | |
| 325722082 | tendon | a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone | |
| 325722083 | ligament | a fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints | |
| 325722084 | blood | connective tissue | |
| 325722085 | cartilage | flexible, connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate | |
| 325722086 | adipose tissue | specialized loose connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve;contains fat-storing cells called adipose cells | |
| 325722087 | bone | mineralized, connective tissue consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts | |
| 325722088 | muscle tissue | tissue consisting of long muscle cells that can contract, either on its own or when stimulated by nerve impulses | |
| 325722089 | skeletal muscle | type of striated muscle that is generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body | |
| 325722090 | smooth muscle | type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cells | |
| 325722091 | cardiac muscle | type of striated muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart | |
| 325722092 | nervous tissue | tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells | |
| 325722093 | neuron | nerve cell | |
| 325722094 | glia | plural of glial cell | |
| 325722095 | hormone | one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells' functioning | |
| 325722096 | regulator | an animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that variable | |
| 325722097 | conformer | an animal for which an internal condition conforms to (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable | |
| 325722098 | homeostasis | the steady-state physiological condition of the body | |
| 325722099 | set point | In homeostasis in animals, a value maintained for a particular variable, such as body temperature or solute concentration | |
| 325722100 | stimulus | In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response | |
| 325722101 | sensor | In homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus | |
| 325722102 | response | In feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable | |
| 325722104 | positive (reinforcing) feedback | a form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process | |
| 325722105 | circadian rhythm | a physiological cycle of about 24 hours that persists even in the absence of external cues | |
| 325722106 | acclimatization | physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor | |
| 325722107 | thermoregulation | the maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range | |
| 325722108 | endothermic | organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism | |
| 325722109 | ectothermic | organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation | |
| 325722110 | integumentary system | outer covering of a mammal's body | |
| 325722111 | countercurrent exchange | exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions | |
| 325722112 | hypothalamus | ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain | |
| 325722113 | bioenergetics | overall flow & transformation of energy in an organism | |
| 325722114 | metabolic rate | total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time | |
| 325722115 | basal metabolic rate (BMR) | the metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed endotherm at a comfortable temperature | |
| 325722116 | standard metabolic rate (SMR) | metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature | |
| 325722117 | torpor | a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases | |
| 325722118 | hibernation | a long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal | |
| 327310636 | poikilotherm | an animal whose body temperature varies with its environment | |
| 327310637 | homeotherm | an animal that has a relatively constant body temperature | |
| 330190904 | stratified squamous epithelium | new cells form by division near the basal lamina, push outward, and replace cells that are sloughed off | |
| 330190905 | stratified squamous epithelium | commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus, and vagina | |
| 331248389 | pseudostratified columnar epithelium | ciliated cells form a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract - beating cilia sweep the film of mucus along the surface | |
| 331277821 | bioenergetics | study of how energy flows through organisms | |
| 331277822 | hypothalamus | functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems | |
| 331277823 | hypothalamus | secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary | |
| 331277824 | integumentary system | EXAMPLE: skin | |
| 331277825 | integumentary system | EXAMPLE: hair | |
| 331277826 | integumentary system` | EXAMPLE: nails | |
| 331277827 | integumentary system | EXAMPLE: claws | |
| 331277828 | integumentary system | EXAMPLE: hooves | |
| 331277829 | endothermic | organism whose internal heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment | |
| 331277830 | positive (reinforcing) feedback | in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change | |
| 331277831 | simple squamous epithelium | functions in the exchange of material by diffusion | |
| 331277832 | simple squamous epithelium | thin and leaky tissue | |
| 331277833 | simple squamous epithelium | lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs | |
| 331277834 | simple columnar epithelium | tissue found where secretion or active absorption is important | |
| 331277835 | simple columnar epithelium | EXAMPLE: lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients | |
| 331277836 | cuboidal epithelium | tissue specialized for secretion | |
| 331277837 | cuboidal epithelium | makes up the epithelium of the kidney tubules | |
| 331277838 | cuboidal epithelium | makes up many glands, including the thyroid gland and salivary gland | |
| 331277839 | loose connective tissue | binds epithelia to underlying tissues & holds organs in place | |
| 331277840 | loose connective tissue | gets its name from loose weave of fibers | |
| 331277841 | fibrous connective tissue | found in tendons and ligaments | |
| 331277842 | blood | consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins in a liquid, extracellular matrix called plasma | |
| 331277843 | blood | contains Erythrocytes (red blood cells), which carry oxygen | |
| 331277844 | blood | contains Leukocytes (white blood cells), which function in defense | |
| 331277845 | blood | contains Platelets, which aid in blood clotting | |
| 331277846 | erythrocytes | red blood cells | |
| 331277847 | erythrocytes | carry oxygen through bloodstream | |
| 331277848 | leukocytes | white blood cells | |
| 331277849 | leukocytes | cells in blood that function in defense | |
| 331277850 | platelets | aid in blood clotting | |
| 331277851 | smooth muscle | responsible for involuntary body activities | |
| 331277852 | smooth muscle | found in the walls of the bladder, arteries, & other internal organs | |
| 331277853 | cardiac muscle | cells are joined by intercalated disks that relay the electrical signals underlying each heartbeat | |
| 331277854 | negative (stabilizing) feedback | a form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process | |
| 331277855 | negative (stabilizing) feedback | in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change | |
| 331283391 | neuron | fundamental unit of the nervous system | |
| 331283392 | neuron | structure & properties allow this to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane | |
| 331283393 | hormone | important in long-distance signaling | |
| 331283394 | glial cell | cell of the nervous system that supports, regulates, and augments the functions of neurons |
