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| 4690548058 | nutrition | food taken in, taken apart and taken up in the body | 0 | |
| 4690548651 | herbivores | eat plants and algae | 1 | |
| 4690548830 | carnivores | eat other animals | 2 | |
| 4690548831 | omnivores | eat animals and plants or algae | 3 | |
| 4690549186 | most animals are ______ feeders | opportunistic | 4 | |
| 4690549940 | an animal's diet must provide (3) | chemical energy for cell processes; organic building blocks for macromolecules; essential nutritents | 5 | |
| 4690550897 | essential nutrients | materials an animal cannot assemble; obtained from diet | 6 | |
| 4690552143 | 4 classes of essential nutrients | essential amino acids essential fatty acids vitamins minerals | 7 | |
| 4690553302 | animals require ____ amino acids and can synthesize about _____ | 20; half | 8 | |
| 4690554002 | name the foods that provide all the essential amino acids; aka complete proteins | meat, eggs, cheese | 9 | |
| 4690554313 | plant proteins are ______ in amino acid composition | incomplete; needed in specific combinations (rice + beans) | 10 | |
| 4690555070 | essential fatty acids | obtained from diet include unsaturated fatty acids | 11 | |
| 4690555524 | deficiencies in fatty acids are common, t or f | false, deficiencies in fatty acids are rare | 12 | |
| 4690555757 | vitamins | organic molecules required in very small amounts | 13 | |
| 4690556389 | ______ vitamins are essential to humans | 13 | 14 | |
| 4690556390 | 2 categories of vitamins are | fat-soluble water-soluble | 15 | |
| 4690556702 | Minerals | inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts | 16 | |
| 4690556975 | ingesting large amounts of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance, T or F | True | 17 | |
| 4690563474 | deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause | deformities disease death | 18 | |
| 4690563600 | undernutrition | a diet doesn't provide enough chemical energy | 19 | |
| 4690564270 | undernourished individuals will | -use up stored fat and carbs -breakdown its own proteins -lose muscle mass -suffer protein deficiency of the brain -die or suffer irreversible damage | 20 | |
| 4690564878 | epidemiology | study of human health and disease in populations | 21 | |
| 4690574393 | 4 main stages of food processing | 1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination | 22 | |
| 4690574582 | ingestion | act of eating or feeding | 23 | |
| 4690576246 | 4 main feeding mechanisms of animals | 1. suspension feeders 2. substrate feeders 3. fluid feeders 4. bulk feeders | 24 | |
| 4690578327 | suspension feeders | filter feeding aquatic animals sift small food particles from the water; whales with baleen | 25 | |
| 4690581417 | substrate feeders | animals that live in or on their food source; caterpillars live on plants they feed on | 26 | |
| 4690581682 | fluid feeders | suck nutrient fluid from a living host; mosquitos | 27 | |
| 4690582001 | bulk feeders | eat large pieces of food; snakes | 28 | |
| 4690582681 | Digestion | breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb | 29 | |
| 4690582949 | 2 types of digestion | mechanical and chemical | 30 | |
| 4690583135 | mechanical digestion | chewing; increases surface area of food | 31 | |
| 4690583335 | chemical digestion | splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes | 32 | |
| 4690584275 | what is the process of chemical digestion | enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water | 33 | |
| 4690584725 | absorption | uptake of nutrients by body cells | 34 | |
| 4690584902 | elimination | passage of undigested material out of the digestive system | 35 | |
| 4690585389 | most animals process food in ___ ___ | specialized compartments | 36 | |
| 4690585878 | compartments _____ the risk of an animal digesting its _____ _____ and ______ | reduce; own cells and tissues | 37 | |
| 4690586208 | Intracellular digestion | food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis ex. sponges, food vacuoles | 38 | |
| 4690586953 | extracellular digestion | breakdown of food particles outside of cells | 39 | |
| 4690587328 | extracellular digestion occurs where? | in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal's body | 40 | |
| 4690588004 | gastrovascular cavity | in animals with simple body plans; function in both digestion and distribution of nutrients | 41 | |
| 4690588624 | alimentary canal | in complex animals; digestive tube with 2 openings: mouth and anus aka complete digestive tract | 42 | |
| 4690592027 | the alimentary canal can have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion, t or f | true | 43 | |
| 4690592777 | a complete digestive tract differs from a gastrovascular cavity in that only the complete tract a) permits extracellular digestion b) has teeth and tentacles to help with ingestion c) uses its surface area for nutrient absorption d) has specialized compartments | d | 44 | |
| 4690593454 | mammalian digestive system | alimentary canal + accessory glands | 45 | |
| 4690593897 | accessory glands | secrete digestive juices through ducts | 46 | |
| 4690594208 | examples of accessory glands | pancreas liver gallbladder | 47 | |
| 4690594329 | peristalsis | rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal to push food along | 48 | |
| 4690594675 | sphincters | valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments | 49 | |
| 4690595055 | oral cavity | where the first stage of digestion (mechanical) takes place; chewing | 50 | |
| 4690595917 | salivary glands | deliver saliva to lubricate food | 51 | |
| 4690596128 | salivary amylase | 1st enzyme to breakdown starch; breaks down glucose polymers | 52 | |
| 4690596556 | mucus | saliva contains mucus; a mixture of water, salts, cells and glycoproteins | 53 | |
| 4690597107 | bolus | tongue shapes food into a bolus to help with swallowing | 54 | |
| 4690597430 | pharynx | throat; junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea | 55 | |
| 4690597610 | esophagus | connects to the stomach | 56 | |
| 4690597624 | trachea | windpipe; leads to lungs | 57 | |
| 4690598305 | _______ conducts food from the _____ down to the stomach by ______ | esophagus; pharynx; peristalsis | 58 | |
| 4690598527 | epiglottis | blocks entry to the trachea during swallowing; bolus is guided by larynx | 59 | |
| 4690599680 | epiglottis is _____ when eating and ____ when breathing | down; up | 60 | |
| 4690599875 | stomach | stores food and beings digestion of proteins | 61 | |
| 4690600051 | gastic juice | secreted by the stomach | 62 | |
| 4690600332 | chyme | gastric juice converts food into chyme in the stomach | 63 | |
| 4690600881 | function (2) and pH of gastric juice | pH low at 2; kills bacteria and denatures proteins | 64 | |
| 4690601296 | components of gastric juice | HCl + pepsin | 65 | |
| 4690601598 | pepsin | protease, or protein-digesting enzyme cleaves proteins into smaller peptides | 66 | |
| 4690601764 | parietal cells | secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach; parietal > HCl > lumen > stomach | 67 | |
| 4690602186 | pepsinogen | secreated by chief cells; activated by pepsin when mixed with HCl in the stomach | 68 | |
| 4690603722 | what is needed to activate inactive pepsinogen? | pepsin + HCl in the stomach | 69 | |
| 4690604696 | _____ protects the stomach lining from ______ | mucus; gastric juice | 70 | |
| 4690607024 | bacterium that causes lesions in the stomach lining or gastric ulcers | helicobacter pylori | 71 | |
| 4690607567 | _______ prevent chyme from entering the _____ and regulate its entry into the ____ _____ | sphincters; esophagus; small intestine | 72 | |
| 4690607776 | small intestine | longest compartment of the alimentary canal | 73 | |
| 4690608545 | most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs in the small intestine, t or f | true | 74 | |
| 4690608546 | duodenum | first portion of the small intestine | 75 | |
| 4690608775 | what happens in the duodenum | where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and small intestine | 76 | |
| 4690609659 | pancreas | produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin | 77 | |
| 4690609977 | pH and function of pancreas | alkaline; neutralizes acidic chyme | 78 | |
| 4690610872 | bile | in small intestine, aids digestion and absorption of fats; destroys nonfunctional red blood cells | 79 | |
| 4690611186 | bile is made in the ____ and stored in the _____ | liver; gallbladder | 80 | |
| 4690611724 | most digestion occurs in the duodenum, t or f | true | 81 | |
| 4690612010 | the jejunum and ileum function mainly in | the absorption of nutrients | 82 | |
| 4690612347 | ____ moves chyme and digestive juices along the ____ | peristalsis; small intestine | 83 | |
| 4690613044 | small intestine has a huge surface area due to | villi and microvilli | 84 | |
| 4690613645 | microvilli | create brush border; increase rate of nutrient absorption | 85 | |
| 4690614169 | transport across the epithelial cells can be passive or active depending on the nutrient, T or F | true | 86 | |
| 4690614170 | hepatic portal vein | carries blood from capillaries of villi to liver then to heart; capillaries > liver > heart | 87 | |
| 4690614992 | liver functions | regulates nutrient distribution; interconverts and detoxifies organic molecules | 88 | |
| 4690617029 | epithelial cells absorb ___ ___ and _____ and recombine them into _____ | fatty acids; monoglycerides; triglycerides | 89 | |
| 4690617302 | chylomicrons | water-soluble; fats coated with phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins | 90 | |
| 4690618019 | lacteal | lymphatic vessel in each villus; chylomicrons are transported into a lacteal | 91 | |
| 4690619122 | cecum | fermentation of plant material; connects small + large intestine | 92 | |
| 4690619701 | appendix | extension of cecum; plays minor role in immunity | 93 | |
| 4690620254 | the ____ completes the reabsorption of ____ that began in the small intestine | colon; water | 94 | |
| 4690620255 | feces | undigested material and bacteria moves through colon | 95 | |
| 4690620530 | rectum | where feces is stores until it can be eliminated through the anus | 96 | |
| 4690620944 | ___ ____ between the rectum and anus control ____ _____ | two sphincters; bowel movements | 97 | |
| 4690621535 | stomach acid a) splits polypeptides into amino acids b) splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol c) activates pepsinogen into pepsin d) initiates the development of stomach ulcers | c) activates pepsinogen into pepsin | 98 | |
| 4690621862 | The biles salts function in fat digestion by a) hydrolzying fat molecules to glycerol and fatty acids b) separating individual fat molecules from each other c) dissolving fats in water d) dispersing big droplets of fats to small droplets | d) dispersing big droplets of fats to small droplets | 99 | |
| 4690624753 | feedback circuits regulate (3) | digestion energy storage appetite | 100 | |
| 4690625131 | enteric division of the nervous system helps to regulate | the digestive process | 101 | |
| 4690625132 | endocrine system regulates | digestion through release and transport of hormones | 102 | |
| 4690625624 | energy is stored in the ___ and ___ as ____ | liver + muscle cells as glycogen | 103 | |
| 4690626496 | excess energy is stored in ____ in ____ cells | fat; adipose | 104 | |
| 4690626816 | when fewer calories are taken in, body does what | expends liver glycogen first then muscle glycogen and fat | 105 | |
| 4690627261 | ____ is a major fuel for ____ ____ and a key source of carbon skeletons for _____ | glucose; cellular respiration; biosynthesis | 106 | |
| 4690627400 | insulin and glucagon | hormones that regulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose | 107 | |
| 4690627945 | ____ is the site for glucose homeostasis | liver | 108 | |
| 4690628636 | _____ blood sugar raises _____ levels and triggers the synthesis of ____ | high; insulin; glycogen | 109 | |
| 4690629501 | ______ blood sugar causes ______ to stimulate the breakdown of ____ and release _____ | low; glucagon; glycogen; glucose | 110 | |
| 4690630014 | insulin acts on nearly all body cells to stimulate glucose uptake from blood, t or f | true | 111 | |
| 4690630688 | brain cells can take up glucose with or without insulin, t or f | true | 112 | |
| 4690630858 | ___ and ___ are both produced in the islets of the pancreas | glucagon; insulin | 113 | |
| 4690630958 | pancreas produces | glucagon; insulin | 114 | |
| 4690631191 | alpha cells make | glucagon | 115 | |
| 4690631197 | beta cells make | insulin | 116 | |
| 4690631898 | diabetes mellitus | insulin deficiency or decreased response to insulin (insulin resistance) | 117 | |
| 4690632130 | type 1 diabetes | autoimmune; no beta cells; appears in childhood | 118 | |
| 4690632437 | type 2 diabetes | excess sugar; poor insulin response | 119 | |
| 4690632899 | ghrelin | hormone secreted by stomach wall before meals; triggers feelings of hunger | 120 | |
| 4690633358 | insulin and PYY | hormone secreted by small intestine after meals; suppress appetite | 121 | |
| 4690633493 | leptin | produced by adipose (fat) suppresses appetite; regulates body fat levels | 122 | |
| 4690634550 | increased glucose levels in blood, after a meal, trigger: a) glucagon release from pancreas b) insulin release from pancreas c) secretin release from duodenum d) cholecystokinin release from pancreas e) activation of amylase in blood | b) insulin release from pancreas | 123 |
