AP Biology 8th ed. Campbell Reece
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| 2280453754 | Osmoregulation | The general process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss | 0 | |
| 2280453755 | Osmolarity | Total concentration of solutes measured in osmoles/Litre | 1 | |
| 2280453756 | Osmoconformer | Marine animal isoosmotic with its surroundings | 2 | |
| 2280453757 | Osmoregulator | Animal that controls its internal osmolarity independent of that of its environment. Takes in or discharges water to maintain internal osmolarity. | 3 | |
| 2280453758 | Stenohaline | Unable to tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity. Most animals, whether osmoconformers or -regulators are this. (stenos - narrow, halos - salt) | 4 | |
| 2280453759 | Euryhaline | Able to survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity. Ex: barnacles, mussels, salmon. (eurys - broad, halos - salt) | 5 | |
| 2280453760 | Anhydrobiosis | A dormant state when an animal's habitat dries up that allows the animal to undergo dessication yet survive. Ex: water bears :D ("life without water") | 6 | |
| 2280453761 | Transport epithelium | One or more layers of specialised epithelial cells that regulate solute movement in controlled amounts in specific directions | 7 | |
| 2280453762 | Ammonia | Nitrogenous waste removed from proteins or nucleic acids as they are broken apart for energy/converted to carbs or fats. Very toxic. | 8 | |
| 2280453763 | Urea | A nitrogenous waste produced the the livers of mammals, adult amphibians, sharks, and some marine bony fishes & turtles that combines ammonia with CO2. Very low toxicity, but with an energy cost. | 9 | |
| 2280453764 | Uric acid | Nitrogenous waste excreted by insects, land snails, and birds that does not readily dissolve in water. Excreted as a semisolid paste with very little water loss. Relatively nontoxic, high ATP cost | 10 | |
| 2280453765 | Filtration | A process during excretion driven by hydrostatic pressure that brings body fluid in contact with selectively permeable transport epithelium | 11 | |
| 2280453766 | Filtrate | Solution that crosses the transport epithelium comprised of water and small solutes (e.g. salts, sugars, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes) | 12 | |
| 2280453767 | Reabsorption | Selective excretory process that recovers useful materials and water from the filtrate and returns them to bodily fluids (i.e. valuable solutes: glucose, salts, vitamins, hormones, amino acids) using active transport | 13 | |
| 2280453768 | Secretion | Excretory process that adds nonessential wastes and solutes to the filtrate using active transport | 14 | |
| 2280453769 | Protonephridia | The excretory systems of flatworms, forming a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings. | 15 | |
| 2280453770 | Metanephridia | Excretory organs of most annelids that open internally to the coelom. Each segment of the annelid has a pair of these organs. | 16 | |
| 2280453771 | Malphighian tubules | Organs in insects and terrestrial arthropods that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation. They extend from dead-end tips immersed in haemolymph to openings in the digestive tract. | 17 | |
| 2280453772 | Renal artery | The artery which supplies each kidney with blood | 18 | |
| 2280453773 | Renal vein | The blood vessel that drains blood from the kidney | 19 | |
| 2280453774 | Ureter | The duct through which urine exits each kidney and drains into the bladder | 20 | |
| 2280453775 | Urinary bladder | Urine collects in here after draining through the ureters, and is expelled out during urination | 21 | |
| 2280453776 | Urethra | The tube that expels urine during urination which empties either through the penis or near the vagina | 22 | |
| 2280453777 | Renal cortex | The outer layer of the kidney, containing the proximal/distal tubules of the nephron | 23 | |
| 2280453778 | Renal medulla | The inner layer of the kidney, containing the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons and the collecting duct | 24 | |
| 2280453779 | Nephron | The functional unit of the vertebrate kidney | 25 | |
| 2280453780 | Glomerulus | A ball of capillaries in the nephron surrounded by the Bowman's capsule | 26 | |
| 2280453781 | Bowman's capsule | The cup-shaped swelling at the end of the nephron surrounding the glomerulus | 27 | |
| 2280453782 | Proximal tubule | The first major region of the nephron. Reabsorption and secretion occurs here. | 28 | |
| 2280453783 | Loop of Henle | A turn in the nephron that extends down into the medulla in juxtamedullary nephrons. Has an ascending and descending limb. | 29 | |
| 2280453784 | Distal tubule | Last region of the nephron. Reabsorption and secretion occurs once again here. | 30 | |
| 2280453785 | Collecting duct | Receives processed filtrate from many nephrons and empties into the renal pelvis | 31 | |
| 2280453786 | Renal pelvis | The broadened top part of the ureter that filtrate funnels into from collecting ducts | 32 | |
| 2280453787 | Cortical nephron | A type of nephron with a short loop of Henle and is almost entirely confined to the renal cortex. 85% of human nephrons are this. | 33 | |
| 2280453788 | Juxtamedullary nephron | Has a loop of Henle that extends deeply into the renal medulla. This adaptation allows mammals to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids. 15% of the human nephrons are this type. | 34 | |
| 2280453789 | Afferent arteriole | An offshoot of the renal artery that branches to form the capillaries of the glomerulus. This vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus. | 35 | |
| 2280453790 | Efferent arteriole | Capillaries converge as they leave the glomerulus, forming this vessel which leads to peritubular capillaries. | 36 | |
| 2280453791 | Peritubular capillaries | Capillaries which surround the proximal and distal tubules of the nephron | 37 | |
| 2280453792 | Vasa recta | Capillaries which surround the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons | 38 | |
| 2280453793 | Aquaporin | A protein which forms water channels in transport epithelia, making the membrane freely permeable to water | 39 | |
| 2280453794 | Countercurrent multiplier system | The system which expends energy in the loop of Henle to actively transport NaCl from the filtrate to produce a concentration gradient. A high salt concentration in the interior of the kidney is formed, allowing the urine to become concentrated. | 40 | |
| 2280453795 | Antidiuretic hormone | Hormone which reduces blood osmolarity by increasing the reabsorption of water in distal tubules and collecting ducts | 41 | |
| 2280453796 | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | Utilises the JGA, angiotensin, and aldosterone to increase blood vol. and bp by causing distal tubules to reabsorb Na+ and H2O and arterioles to constrict. | 42 | |
| 2280453797 | Juxtaglomerular apparatus | Specialised tissue located near the afferent arteriole and releases renin to yield angiotensin II in the RAAS. | 43 | |
| 2280453798 | Renin | An enzyme released by the JGA that initiates chemical reactions to turn angiotensinogen into angiotensin II | 44 | |
| 2280453799 | Angiotensin II | A hormone that raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles and stimulating the adrenal glands to release aldosterone | 45 | |
| 2280453800 | Angiotensinogen | A plasma protein that is a precursor to angiotensin II. Renin is used to convert this protein into angiotensin II. | 46 | |
| 2280453801 | Aldosterone | A hormone released by the adrenal glands that acts on the distal tubules, making them reabsorb more Na+ and water | 47 | |
| 2280453802 | Atrial natriuretic peptide | Opposes RAAS. This hormone inhibits the release of renin from the JGA, inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the collecting ducts, and reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands. Lowers blood volume and pressure. | 48 |
