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| 13811840559 | What are interspecific interactions? | relationships between species in a community commensalism, mutualism, predation, herbivory, parasitism | 0 | |
| 13811840560 | When does competition occur and what is the symbol for this interaction? What must be in short for this to occur? | (-/-) occurs when species compete for a resource that limits survival and reproduction resources must be in short | 1 | |
| 13811840561 | What is competitive exclusion? | When strong competition can leads to local elimination of a competing species | 2 | |
| 13811840562 | True or False: two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist permanently in the same place | True | 3 | |
| 13811840563 | What is an ecological niche? | ecological role the sum of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources | 4 | |
| 13811840564 | True or False: Ecologically similar species cannot coexist in a community | False: Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches | 5 | |
| 13811840565 | What is resource partitioning? | differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community | 6 | |
| 13811840566 | What is a species' fundamental niche? | the niche potentially occupied by that species | 7 | |
| 13811840567 | What is a species' realized niche | the niche actually occupied by that species | 8 | |
| 13811840625 | Explain the chthamalus fundamental to realized niche |  | 9 | |
| 13811840568 | What happens when the common spiny mouse and the golden spiny mouse coexist? | both are normally nocturnal so the golden spiny mouse becomes diurnal when they coexist (out during day) | 10 | |
| 13811840569 | What is Character displacement? | a tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species | 11 | |
| 13811840570 | What is exploitation and what is the symbol of its interaction? | (+/-) one species benefits by feeding on the other species herbivory, predation, parasitism | 12 | |
| 13811840571 | What is predation and what is the symbol of its interaction? | (+/-) one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey | 13 | |
| 13811840572 | What is aposematic coloration? | bright warning coloration on animals with effective chemical defenses like skunks | 14 | |
| 13811840573 | What is cryptic coloration? | camouflage | 15 | |
| 13811840574 | What is batesian mimicry? | a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model | 16 | |
| 13811840575 | What happens in Müllerian mimicry? | two or more unpalatable species resemble each other like cuckoo bees and yellow jackets | 17 | |
| 13811840576 | What is herbivory and what is the symbol of its interaction? | (+/-) an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga | 18 | |
| 13811840577 | What is parasitism and what is the symbol of its interaction? What are the two types of parasites? | (+/-) ne organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process endoparasites - inside body ectoparasites - external surface of body | 19 | |
| 13811840578 | What are positive interactions? | where at least one species benefits and neither is harmed commensalism and mutualism | 20 | |
| 13811840579 | What is mutualism and what is the symbol of its interaction? | (+/+) benefits both species both species incur costs, but the benefits to each partner exceed the costs some species depend on the other species for survival and reproduction while others can survive on their own | 21 | |
| 13811840580 | What is commensalism and what is the symbol of its interaction? | (+/0) one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped can at times become mutualistic | 22 | |
| 13811840581 | What are two main fundamental features of community structure? | species diversity and feeding relationships | 23 | |
| 13811840582 | What is the species diversity of a community? What are its two components? | the variety of organisms that make up the community species richness and relative abundance | 24 | |
| 13811840583 | True or False: Communities with the same species richness have the same relative abundance | False: Two communities can have the same species richness but a different relative abundance | 25 | |
| 13811840584 | What is species richness? | A component of species diversity of a community the number of different species in the community | 26 | |
| 13811840585 | What is relative abundance | A component of species diversity of a community the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community | 27 | |
| 13811840586 | Explain the Shannon diversity index (H) | used to compare diversity | 28 | |
| 13811840587 | Communities with higher diversity are... (4 things) | more productive - they produce more biomass more stable in their productivity better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses more resistant to invasive species | 29 | |
| 13811840588 | What is trophic structure? | the feeding relationships between organisms in a community | 30 | |
| 13811840589 | What do food chains do? | they link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores | 31 | |
| 13811840590 | What is a trophic level? | the position an organism occupies in a food chain | 32 | |
| 13811840591 | What is a food web? | a group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions | 33 | |
| 13811840592 | True or False: A species can play a role at more than one trophic level in a food web | True | 34 | |
| 13811840593 | What does the energetic hypothesis suggest? Why? | that length of food chains is limited by inefficient energy transfer Only about 10% of the energy stored in organic matter at each trophic level is converted to organic matter at the next trophic level Large carnivores cannot obtain enough food from small prey efficiently enough to meet their metabolic needs | 35 | |
| 13811840594 | What are dominant species? What are the hypotheses as to why THEY are dominant over others? | those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass dominant species are most competitive in exploiting resources they are most successful at avoiding predators or disease invasive species can become dominant because they lack natural predators or parasites | 36 | |
| 13811840595 | What is one way to determine the impact of a dominant species? | to remove it from the environment | 37 | |
| 13811840596 | What are keystone species? What sets them apart from dominant species? | those that exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches contrast to dominant species, they are not usually abundant in a community | 38 | |
| 13811840597 | What are ecosystem engineers? Give an example | they cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure beavers | 39 | |
| 13811840598 | Explain the bottom-up model vs the top-down model | bottom-up: producers to predators NVHP top-down: predators to producers PHVN the presence or absence of mineral nutrients (N) controls plant (V) numbers, which control herbivore (H) numbers, which control predator (P) numbers | 40 | |
| 13811840599 | What is Biomanipulation? | it helps restore polluted communities EX) |  | 41 |
| 13811840600 | What is a disturbance? | an event that changes a community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability | 42 | |
| 13811840601 | What does the nonequilibrium model describe? | communities as constantly changing after disturbance | 43 | |
| 13811840602 | What does the intermediate disturbance hypothesis state? | moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance High levels of disturbance exclude many slow- growing species Low levels of disturbance allow dominant species to exclude less competitive species | 44 | |
| 13811840603 | What is ecological succession? | the sequence of changes in community composition following a disturbance | 45 | |
| 13811840604 | What is primary succession? | occurs where no soil exists when succession begins | 46 | |
| 13811840605 | Early-arriving species and later-arriving species may be linked in one of three processes... | Early arrivals may facilitate the appearance of later species by making the environment favorable They may inhibit the establishment of later species They may have no affect on the establishment of later species, which tolerate conditions created early in succession | 47 | |
| 13811840606 | Retreating __________ provide a valuable field-research opportunity for observing ______________ succession | glaciers ; primary | 48 | |
| 13811840607 | Describe the predictable pattern of vegetation and soil succession on the moraines in Glacier Bay, Alaska | 1) Pioneer plants 2) Dryas dominate 3) Alder trees dominate 4) Sitka spruce dominate 5) hemlocks dominate | 49 | |
| 13811840608 | Succession is the result of changes induced by the ____________ itself | vegetation | 50 | |
| 13811840609 | On the glacial moraines, how do pioneer plant species facilitate later arrivals? | by increasing soil nitrogen content | 51 | |
| 13811840610 | Secondary succession begins in an area where... | soil remains after a disturbance | 52 | |
| 13811840611 | What are mainly the two key biogeographic factors that affect the species diversity of biological communities? | Latitude and area | 53 | |
| 13811840612 | Species richness is especially great in the _________ and generally declines in a gradient toward the ________ | tropics ; poles | 54 | |
| 13811840613 | What are two key factors affecting latitudinal gradients of species richness? | evolutionary history and climate | 55 | |
| 13811840614 | Why might tropical environments have greater species richness? | because there has been more time for speciation to occur | 56 | |
| 13811840615 | Two main climatic factors correlated with biodiversity in terrestrial communities are __________ and _______________ | sunlight ; precipitation | 57 | |
| 13811840616 | What is rate of evapotranspiration? | the evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants it considers sunlight and precipitation in a community | 58 | |
| 13811840617 | What is potential evapotranspiration? | the measure of potential water loss, assuming water is available | 59 | |
| 13811840618 | Evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration are higher in the ______ and ______ conditions of the tropics | warm ; wet | 60 | |
| 13811840619 | When evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration are high, species richness is _____ | high | 61 | |
| 13811840620 | What is the species-area curve? What's its formula? | it quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species S = cA^(z) S = number of species c = constant A = area z = how many more species should be found as habitat area increases | 62 | |
| 13811840621 | Describe the island equilibrium model | species richness on islands represents a balance between immigration of new species and extinction of established species As the number of species on an island increases, immigration decreases and extinction increases Smaller islands have lower immigration rates and higher extinction rates Islands closer to the mainland have higher immigration rates and lower extinction rates An equilibrium will be reached where the rate of immigration is equal to the rate of extinction |  | 63 |
| 13811840622 | What are zoonotic pathogens? | they're transferred to humans from other animals | 64 | |
| 13811840623 | The transfer of pathogens can be direct or through an intermediate species called a __________ | vector | 65 | |
| 13811840624 | What type of flu is highly contagious virus of birds | avian flu | 66 |
