AP Biology
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| 1792979911 | ecosystem | the sum of all organisms in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact. | 0 | |
| 1792979912 | Two main processes in an ecosystem | 1. energy flow 2. chemical cycling | 1 | |
| 1792979913 | Energy ____ while matter cycles ______ an ecosystem. | flows through; within | 2 | |
| 1792979914 | 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed | 3 | |
| 1792979915 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | Every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe | 4 | |
| 1792979916 | law of conservation of mass | matter cannot be created nor destroyed | 5 | |
| 1792979917 | primary producers | autotrophs that ultimately support all other trophic levels; most convert sunlight (solar energy) to chemical energy | 6 | |
| 1792979918 | primary consumers | herbivores that feed on primary producers | 7 | |
| 1792979919 | secondary consumers | carnivores that feed on herbivores | 8 | |
| 1792979920 | tertiary consumers | carnivores that eat other carnivores | 9 | |
| 1792979921 | detritivores/decomposers | organisms that derive their energy from detritus | 10 | |
| 1792979922 | detritus | nonliving organic material | 11 | |
| 1792979923 | primary production | the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period | 12 | |
| 1792979924 | gross primary production | total primary production; the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy per unit time. | 13 | |
| 1792979925 | net primary production | NPP= GPP-R | 14 | |
| 1792979926 | Standing crop | total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time | 15 | |
| 1792979927 | In marine and freshwater ecosystems, both ____ and _____ control primary production. | light and nutrients | 16 | |
| 1792979928 | Light Limitation: | depth of light penetration affects primary production in the photic zone of an ocean or a lake | 17 | |
| 1792979929 | limiting nutrient | element that must be added for production to increase in an area | 18 | |
| 1792979930 | _______ and _____ are typically the nutrients that most often limit marine and terrestrial production. | nitrogen and phosphorus | 19 | |
| 1792979931 | eutrophication | cyanobacteria and algae grow rapidly in response to nutrients by sewage runoff from farms and yards, reducing the oxygen concentration and clarity of H20; leads to loss of most fish species | 20 | |
| 1792979932 | In terrestrial ecosystems, both ____ and ____ affect primary production. | temperature and moisture | 21 | |
| 1792979933 | actual evapotranspiration | water annually transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape | 22 | |
| 1792979934 | secondary production | amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period | 23 | |
| 1792979935 | production efficiency | percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration | 24 | |
| 1792979936 | trophic effciency | percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next | 25 | |
| 1792979937 | pyramid of net production | loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain | 26 | |
| 1792979938 | turnover time | ratio of standing crop biomass to production | 27 | |
| 1792979939 | Green World Hypothesis | proposes that herbivores are held in check by a variety of factors: interspecific and intraspecific competition, abiotic factors, plant defenses, and low nutrient competition. | 28 | |
| 1792979940 | biogeochemical cycles | decomposition that replenishes the pools of inorganic nutrients that plants and other autotrophs use to build new organic matter. | 29 | |
| 1792979941 | Carbon Cycle | carbon reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, C02. | 30 | |
| 1792979942 | Nitrogen Cycle | Main reservoir: N2 component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins | 31 | |
| 1792979943 | Phosphorus Cycle | largest reservoirs: sedimentary rocks; major constituent of phospholipids, ATP, and nucleic acids | 32 |
