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| 11212440090 | Cyrus the Great | established a major Persian Empire across the northern Middle East and into northwestern India | 0 | |
| 11212440091 | Zoroastrianism | chief religion of Persian Empire; animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of food and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song" | 1 | |
| 11212440092 | Hellenistic Age | that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 2 | |
| 11212440093 | Peloponnesian War | wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 3 | |
| 11212440094 | Alexander the Great | successor of Phillip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BCE; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures | 4 | |
| 11212440095 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 5 | |
| 11212440096 | Doric, Ionian, Corinthian | types of embellishments for the top of support columns; Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture. Doric is the least ornate, followed by Ionic, and the most ornate being Corinthian | 6 | |
| 11212440097 | Iliad and Odyssey | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many others; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos | 7 | |
| 11212440098 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young | 8 | |
| 11212440099 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside of the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 9 | |
| 11212440100 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 10 | |
| 11212440101 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar | 11 | |
| 11212440102 | Punic Wars | fight between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the Western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts | 12 | |
| 11212440103 | city-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban - based king | 13 | |
| 11212440104 | Persian Wars | Conflict between Greece and Persia from 500-449 BCE. Consisted of two Persian invasions, in which Greece was victorious. Greek culture, particularly Athenian, peaked directly afterwards and expanded | 14 | |
| 11212440105 | Phillip II | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority | 15 | |
| 11212440106 | Julius Caesar | Roman General responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and over through republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators | 16 | |
| 11212440107 | Augustus | name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first Emperor of Rome | 17 | |
| 11212440108 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 CE; established second capital and Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spirituality | 18 | |
| 11212440109 | Twelve Tables | Early Roman Republic first code of law (450 BCE). Intended to restrain upper class from arbitrary action and subject them, and to ordinary people, to common legal principles | 19 |
