Terms : Hide Images
| 8635678196 | Body Growth (Height) | -50% in height from birth to age 1, 75% by age 2 -Grow in spurts (irritable and hungry day before spurt) -Gain "baby fat" until about 9 months, then get slimmer -By 5 months old weight has doubled to 15lbs, 1 year 22lbs, and 2 years 30lbs -Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys, some ethnic differences | 0 | |
| 8635706165 | Body Growth (Weight) | -Grow in spurts (irritable and hungry day before spurt) -Gain "baby fat" until about 9 months, then get slimmer -By 5 months old weight has doubled to 15lbs, 1 year 22lbs, and 2 years 30lbs -Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys (magnified in adolescence), some ethnic differences -Muscle tissue doesn't begin to peak until about adolesence | 1 | |
| 8635709819 | What does baby fat serve to do? | -Peakes at about 9 months and helps to maintain baby's constant temperature | 2 | |
| 8635738182 | Changes in body proportions (Growth trends): 2 | 1) Cephalocaudal 2)Proximodistal | 3 | |
| 8635747055 | Cephalocaudal trend | "Head to tail": during the prenatal period the head develops more rapidly than the lower body (head = 1/4 total body, lower body =1/3) | 4 | |
| 8635752402 | Proximodistal trend | "Near to far": growth proceeds from the centre of the body outward (head, chest and trunk first then arms, legs, hands and feet) | 5 | |
| 8635784245 | Children of the same age differ in the ______ of growth | rate | 6 | |
| 8635786318 | Skeletal age | -best estimate of a Childs maturity -a measurement of the development of the bones of the body | 7 | |
| 8635793300 | Embryonic skeleton first begins as_______ | cartilage | 8 | |
| 8635795317 | Epiphyses | special growth centres that begin to appear at the two extreme ends of both of the long bones of the body just before birth -Cartliage cells can produced at these growth centres which can continue to increase throughout childhood. -As growth continues they begin to disappear -Therefore, skeletal age can be estimated by X-ray and seeing the number of ephiphyses | 9 | |
| 8635831125 | When do paediatricians routinely measure children's head size? Why? | -Between birth and age 2 -This is when skull growth is especially rapid due to large increases in brain size | 10 | |
| 8635839363 | fontanels | -6 gaps or soft spots that separate the bones of the skull -These gaps allow the bones to overlap when the baby is passing through the birth canal | 11 | |
| 8635868956 | The _____ fontanel is the largest gap | anterior, which gradually shrinks and is filled in the second year. | 12 | |
| 8635854687 | Sutures | Develop as the skull bones come closer together -Allow the skull to expand easily as the brain grows -disappear in adolescence when skull growth ends | 13 | |
| 8635871677 | Brain development | - Human brain has 100-200 billion neutrons that store/transmit information -At birth, brain closest to adult size than any other physical structure (continues to grow quickly throughout infancy & toddlerhood) | 14 | |
| 8635889438 | Neurons | nerve cells that store/transmit information -send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters, which cross the synapses | 15 | |
| 8635896549 | synapses | tiny gaps between neurons where fibres from other neutrons come close together but do not touch | 16 | |
| 8635925517 | Major milestones of brain development: Prenatal period | -Prenatal period: neurons are produced in the embryo's neural tube -From here, they migrate to form major parts of the brain -Once they are in place, they differentiate into their unique functions by extending their fibres to form synaptic connections with neighbouring cells | 17 | |
| 8635995173 | Major milestones of brain development: infancy and toddlerhood | -neural fibres and synapses increase at an astounding pace -because developing neutrons need space for these connective structures, as synapses increase many surrounding neurons die (20-80% depending on brain region) -however, during the prenatal period the neural tube produces way more neurons than needed | 18 | |
| 8636028577 | ______ becomes vital for neuron survival | stimulation -helps to elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities | 19 | |
| 8636038067 | synaptic pruning | a process that occurs to neurons that are seldom stimulated and thus lose their synapses -It returns neurons that are not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so that they can support future development -~40% of synapses are pruned during childhood and adolesence | 20 | |
| 8636067275 | Glial cells | -make up half of the brains volume -responsible for myelination -they multiply rapidly from end of pregnancy to second year of life (begins to slow through mid. childhood and increase again in adolescence) | 21 | |
| 8636082974 | Myelination | coating of the neural fibres with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer | 22 | |
| 8636090358 | Gains in neural fibres and myelination are responsible for______ | brain growth from 30-70% of adult size by age 2 | 23 | |
| 8640511793 | Neurophysiological methods for measuring brain functioning include those that: | -detect changes in electrical activity in the cerebral cortex (EEG, ERPs), -neuroimaging techniques (PET, fMRI), -NIRS, which uses infrared light and is suitable for infants and young children. | 24 | |
| 8636134382 | Cerebral cortex | -surrounds the rest of the brain -largest part of the brain (85%) and contains the most neurons and synapses -sensitive to environmental influences for much longer than any other part of the brain | 25 | |
| 8636163366 | the cortical regions with the most extended period of development are _______ lobes | frontal lobes | 26 | |
| 8636167781 | Prefrontal cortex | -Responsible for thought -Specifically, consciousness, inhibition of impulses, integration of information, and use of memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies. | 27 | |
| 8636179212 | Cerebral cortex has two ______ | hemispheres, both of which receive sensory information regarding the opposite side and controls only that side. | 28 | |
| 8636190646 | Left hemisphere functions for | verbal abilities (spoken/written language) and positive emotion (i.e. joy) | 29 | |
| 8636196129 | Right hemisphere | spatial abilities (i.e. judging distance) and negative emotion (i.e. distress) | 30 | |
| 8636203569 | Lateralization | Lateralization of the brain is the specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. | 31 | |
| 8636220575 | Why does lateralization occur? | - because studies involving fMRI have shown that: - the left hemisphere is better at processing information in a sequential, analytical way, which is a good approach for dealing with communication information. -right hemisphere has been shown for specializing in processing information in a more holistic, integrative matter. | 32 | |
| 8636233275 | Also, lateralization may have evolved because: | - it enables humans to cope more successfully in the ever-changing environmental demands. -Having the lateralization permits a wider array of functions to occur effectively rather than if both sides of the brain function and processed information the exact same way. - The two sides of the brain communicate and work together, and with age it occurs more rapidly and effectively. | 33 | |
| 8636252124 | brain plasticity | a high plastic cerebral cortex has a high capacity for learning as many areas are not committed to specific functions | 34 | |
| 8636324926 | Influences on Early Physical Growth | Heredity, nutrition, emotional well being | 35 | |
| 8636454978 | Nutrition | -infants require 2X the amt of energy as adults -breast milk is ideally suited to their needs (until age 2, solid foods added at 6months) | 36 | |
| 8636518011 | Benefits of breast feeding | 1)correct protein-fat balance 2)Nutritionally complete 3)promotes healthy growth patterns 4)disease protection 5)better jaw/tooth development 6)ensures digestibility 7)easier transition to solid food | 37 | |
| 8636535609 | What to do to help decrease chances of obesity if chubby infant | 1) breastfeed for six months 2)avoid foods with high amts of sugar, salt and saturated fats 3) promote PA 4)limit TV time | 38 | |
| 8636486954 | Growth faltering | -When infants weight, height and head circumference are lower than normal due to disturbed parent-infant relationship (failure to grow properly) - could be cause by unhappy marriage, etc. -infants are withdrawn and apathetic. could lead to cognitive and emotional difficulties | 39 | |
| 8636557394 | Learning refers to | changes in behaviour as a result of experience | 40 | |
| 8636563786 | Infants are capable of two basic forms of learning | 1)classical conditioning 2)operant conditioning *Also learn through imitation at an early age (shortly after birth) | 41 | |
| 8636642539 | Classical conditioning | -possible with young infant -neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response i.e.: mother stroking baby hair before he eats, now when Paul's mom begins to stroke his hair he begins to suck. Paul's response to stroking his hair. | 42 | |
| 8636717898 | The hair stroking represents a _____stimulus | neutral stimulus, which is needed for learning to occur. It does not lead to the reflex and presented right before be UCS of breast milk. | 43 | |
| 8636740887 | If learning has occurred the ____ stimulus will become the ____ stimulus | neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (will produce the reflexive response) | 44 | |
| 8636753234 | Operant conditioning | -occurs when infants act/operate on their environment and the stimuli that follow their behaviour change the probability that the behaviour will happen again. -involves punishments and reinforcers | 45 | |
| 8636768829 | reinforcer | a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response (i.e. sweet liquid reinforces sucking) | 46 | |
| 8636771881 | punishment | -either removes a desirable stimulus or adds an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response (i.e. sour liquid punishes the sucking response) | 47 | |
| 8636797178 | Habituation | refers to a gradual reduction in strength of a response due to a constant/repetitive stimulation (i.e. baby eventually able to sleep through the noise of the dishwasher) | 48 | |
| 8636822829 | Recovery | is when a new stimulus/change in environment causes responsiveness to return to a high level | 49 | |
| 8636985251 | Imitation | -babies learning through copying the behaviour of another person -skeptics believe that the newborn imitative response is little more than an automatic response that declines with age, much like a reflex -It is more difficult to induce in babies 2 to 3 months old than right after birth. | 50 | |
| 8637032377 | Andrew Meltzoff believe that | newborns imitate as much as older children and adults -he believed in mirror neurons -his theory of imitation as a voluntary capacity is controversial | 51 | |
| 8637041272 | mirror neurons | enable us to observe another person's behaviour while simulating that behaviour in our own brain | 52 | |
| 8637081567 | Babies motor achievements have a powerful effect on their________ | social relationships (i.e. saying no and being impatient when restriction to movement) | 53 | |
| 8638790059 | Gross motor development | refers to control over actions that help infants get around in their environment such as crawling, standing and walking (large muscle movements) | 54 | |
| 8638966501 | Fine motor development | smaller movements -reaching and grasping (small muscle movements) | 55 | |
| 8639002268 | dynamic systems theory of motor development | mastery of motor skills requires acquiring increasingly complex systems of action -when motor skills work as a system it helps to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling their environment (motor skills work together) | 56 | |
| 8639069152 | four factors influence each new skill: | 1) CNS development 2) body's movement capacity 3) child's goals 4)environmental supports | 57 | |
| 8639096085 | motor development involves | many successive approximations and practice (each new skill extends from a previous motor development) | 58 | |
| 8639119197 | Of all motor skills ____ is the most important for infant cognitive development | reaching (allows the to learn a lot about the object by grasping, turning over, seeing what it does, etc). | 59 | |
| 8639131836 | Prereaching | when newborns make poorly coordinated swipes (poor arm/hand control they rarely contact the object) | 60 | |
| 8639164393 | Ulnar grasp | a clumsy motion where the infants fingers close against the palm (3-4 months) | 61 | |
| 8639171770 | pincer grasp | infants use their thumb and index finger (9 months-1 year old) | 62 | |
| 8639186294 | Toilet training is best delayed until the months after their _____ birthday | second | 63 | |
| 8639317436 | _______ is the most important use of the sense of hearing for an infant | Language | 64 | |
| 8639310081 | Language begins before the infant is born through their ability to_____ | hear | 65 | |
| 8639249342 | Development of Hearing | 4-7 months (sense of musical phrasing: prefer nonspeech sounds over speech sounds) 6-8 months ("screen out" sounds not used in their own language - distinguishing sounds become more specific to the language their learning) 7-9 months (divide the speech stream into word-like units) 10 months (can detects words that start with weak syllables) | 66 | |
| 8639335532 | Infants have the capacity to extract information from a__________ | speech stream -For example: they can learn word boundaries solely on statistical information (by analyzing for patterns/repetitive sounds) | 67 | |
| 8639448815 | Babies vision undergoes major changes in __&__ months | 7 and 8 months (changes significantly in the first year) | 68 | |
| 8639456688 | At birth infants have _____visual acuity | poor (vision is quite blurry) | 69 | |
| 8639471065 | they reach nearly adult vision (20/20) by ____ months | six months | 70 | |
| 8639491560 | Infants are quite sensitive to | contrast patterns and faces and gain significant knowledge about objects | 71 | |
| 8639506501 | 6-7 months | develop depth perception | 72 | |
| 8639524587 | Depth perception | -becomes important when the infant starts moving -it refers to the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves -they may not respond accurately to the depth of the environment until they have experience crawling (i.e. the cliff) | 73 | |
| 8640291757 | Stages of Depth perception | birth-1month: motion depth cue 2-3 months: binocular cues 6-7 months: pictorial cues/wariness of heights | 74 | |
| 8640324329 | pattern perception deals with _____sensitivity | contrast sensitivity (infants will prefer the object with more contrast) | 75 | |
| 8640360860 | Face perception: newborns prefer to look at simplified drawings/faces that are arranged________ | naturally (upright) -prefer open eyes/with direct gaze | 76 | |
| 8640389646 | Around 2 months babies prefer _____ | complex face drawings with equally complex arrangements | 77 | |
| 8640398487 | At three months | the babies can distinguish differences between the faces | 78 | |
| 8640402660 | at 5 months | they can perceive emotional expressions of the faces | 79 | |
| 8640437397 | infants can tell the difference between two different ______ | objects -as they observe the objects motion they gather additional information (i.e. shape, colour and texture) | 80 | |
| 8640452351 | Object identity is mastered over the _____ year | first | 81 | |
| 8640456418 | intermodal perception | -how the senses work together -For example, when you hear someone talk, you also see their mouth moving; or, as you feel your arm reach for an object, you also see it move. -This array of information in the environment can be overwhelming to an infant | 82 | |
| 8640490565 | Differentiation theory addresses this issue by: | -suggesting that infants look for invariant features (characteristics that stay the same) in an environment. -perception gets more and more sensitive (they begin to differentiate) -Acting on environment helps this (affordances) | 83 |
