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| 4355028474 | Bedouins | - nomadic people of the Arabian peninsula who organized themselves into kinship-based tribes and clans that often sparred with each other over scarce resources. - Especially living in a harsh and unforgiving environment, kinships had to be depended on in order to survive. Otherwise, it was certain death. These relations led to a strong sense of loyalty and guarding of common interests with determination. Class identities and loyalties survived for centuries after appearance of Islam. | 0 | |
| 4355037041 | Muhammad | - prophet of Islam - He received revelations from Allah that eventually became the basic tenets of the Islam faith. However, political officials thought of his teachings to be dangerous, which led to uprisings and clashes that caused Muhammad and his followers to flee to Medina. When they came back afterward through military conquest, he was able to win over Meccan citizens before his death. He surely started a legacy that impacted the later-changing generations of the Islamic world. | 1 | |
| 4355049302 | Abu Bakr | - First caliph after Muhammad's death, earliest follower and friend - ordered secretaries to organize Qur'an, sacred book based on Allah's words and hadith, which is a collection of Muhammad's teachings. He was also a very powerful military commander, since they were able to conquer weakened territories easily, which only attributed to their religious fervor. | 2 | |
| 4355052435 | Qur'an | - Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah presented to Muhammad. - It's considered a work of magnificent poetry. It also communicates in powerful and moving terms Muhammad's understanding of Allah and his relation to the world. It also serves as a definitive authority for Islamic religious doctrine and social organization. | 3 | |
| 4364801159 | hadith | - collection of stories about and sayings f Muhammad - Muslim scholars took them as guides for interpretation of the Qur'an. They were the inspirations for Islamic thought, described social and legal customs, Muhammad's biographies and pious commentaries on the Qur'an. | 4 | |
| 4364849501 | seal of the prophets | - final prophet through whom Allah would reveal his message to mankind. - Muhammad was considered as "the seal of the prophet". He accepted that Islam religion shares similarities with Judaism and Christianity. | 5 | |
| 4364868937 | Five Pillars of Islam | - foundation of Islam: 1) profession of faith, 2) prayer, 3) fasting during Ramadan, 4) alms giving and 5) pilgrimage, or hajj - It established customs, beliefs, and laws for Islamic society. Plus, it stressed equality of all believers in Allah's eyes and encouraged well-to-do to take care of the poor. | 6 | |
| 4364895070 | caliph | - "deputy" Islamic leader after Muhammad's death. - The decision of how the new caliphs should be chosen led to a huge religious split that left a huge impact on Islam itself (Sunni v. Shi'ite). They were in charge of the caliphates and later dynasties. A series of incompetent calips were one of the main reasons for the decline of the Abbasid Dynasty. | 7 | |
| 4364912598 | Shi'ites | - supporters of the fourth caliph, Ali, who believed legitimate caliphs could only be members of Muhammad's family. - They resisted caliph's authority put in place by Ali's enemies. Their minority is still significant in present-day. They also helped the Abbasids win their dynasty as well. | 8 | |
| 4364927643 | Sunni | - believed all of the early caliphs to be legitimate and agreed that the Umayyads also had the right to rule. - they were the larger minority of Muslims at the time. | 9 | |
| 4364935043 | Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) | - second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim Empire of the Caliphate. It was also referred to the Golden Age of Islam. - Overthrew the Umayyad caliphate and was eventually destroyed by a Mongol invasion. They contributed much to trade and achieved a lot of literary, artistic and scientific accomplishments. | 10 | |
| 4364959949 | "People of the Book" | - name given to Jews and Christians in the Umayyad Dynasty - Muslims perceived Christianity and Judaism to be governed by Holy Books with shared beliefs and common roots with Islam. | 11 | |
| 4364968536 | Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) | - first great Muslim dynasty to rule empire of the Caliphate - They formed the bureaucracy that the non-Muslim subjects they conquered through military power had to pay taxes meanwhile those who do practice Islam only had to pay for charity, which led to very-defined social distinctions. In the end, uprisings overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty. Their policies reflected an aristocracy and favored towards the wealthy. | 12 | |
| 4365011467 | Mongols | - they lived on the high steppe lands of central Asia, nomadic, were all tied to one another through strong kinship - they brought an end to the Abbasid Empire and eventually converted to the undying Islamic faith. | 13 | |
| 4365020181 | Seljuk Turks | - nomadic people originally from central Asia who lived primarily on the borders of the Abbasid lands - they were hired as soldiers in Abbasid armies. By the mid-11th century, they had more political power than the caliphs | 14 | |
| 4365042237 | caliphates | - Islamic empires - There was both an Umayyad dynasty and Abbasid dynasty, which consisted of both religious and political leaders who ruled over an increasing number of non-Arab people, many of whom eventually converted to Islam. | 15 | |
| 4365062039 | Muawiya (661-680 CE) | - early Islamic leader and founder of the great Umayyad dynasty of caliphs - his election led to the split between Shi'ite and Sunni sects. He also restored unity to the Muslim empire and made Damascus its capital. | 16 | |
| 4365072662 | The Thousand and One Nights | - Based on the stories told by Scheherazade, a story about a clever young bride trying to save her own life. - explains the elite society during the Abbasid dynasty, and exhibits a sense of humor and fondness for exaggeration. | 17 | |
| 4365088595 | Ali | - cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, fourth caliph - his assassination set off a furious factional war. His supporters, who believed that caliphs should be Muhammad's family members, eventually became the Shi'ites. | 18 | |
| 4365101835 | madrasas | -urban universities that actively preserved and translated the writings of the ancient Greeks and Indians. - recognized importance of scientific and philosophical works from earlier civilizations, so after the decline of the Roman Empire, they worked hard to gather scripted information to pass on to other future generations. | 19 |
