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| 7889586208 | Axum and Ethiopia | Axum defeated Kush by 300 BCE and then fell to Ethiopia. Both had strong trade contacts with the Mediterranean. | 0 | |
| 7889665539 | Ethiopia | -Influence of Jewish and Greek merchants brought Judaism and Christianity to Ethiopia. -Had the world's oldest continuous monarchy which lasted until the 20th century. -Knowledge of iron working | 1 | |
| 7889717725 | Importance of Nomads | -established and expanded trading links. -carried inventions (that were vital to expansion) from civilization to civilization -spread of new military technologies and modes of warfare -transfer of food crops from civilization to civilization - :( also carried disease | 2 | |
| 7889766707 | Nomads role in trade | -provided protection from bandits for periodic payments -also for payment provided animals for transport of goods | 3 | |
| 7889881090 | Japan | -population mainly formed by migrations from Korea over time -politics: tribal chiefs, each tribe with one god -law-abiding, fond of drink, expert at agriculture and fishing -strict social differences -developed considerable iron working | 4 | |
| 7889913724 | Shintoism | japan's religion -provided for worship of political rulers and the spirits of nature (e.g. god of rice) -many local shrines and rituals -single national religion by 700 CE | 5 | |
| 7889981392 | Americas Classical Period | 2 main centers of civilization: high central valley of Mexico and tropical lands of southern Mexico, Yucatan, and Guatemala | 6 | |
| 7890008727 | Teotihuacan | -central valley of Mexico -huge urban center -supported by intensive agriculture -temple pyramids -high population -wide social difference between priests, nobles, and commoners -By 8th century CE was in decline and abandoned after attacks from northern nomads -remembered as the golden age of Mesoamerica | 7 | |
| 7890090356 | Classic Maya | -around same time as Teotihuacan -extended over current Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador -several related languages -considerable regional variation -monumental architecture, writing, calendar, math, religion, concepts of statecraft and social organization | 8 | |
| 7890113432 | Mayan religion | -basic concept of dualism; male and female, good and bad, day and night (emphasized unity) -many many gods formed from a more limited set of gods -each god had a feminine version and a version in the underworld | 9 | |
| 7890207094 | Mayan politics | -rulers exercised civil and religious power -rulers aided by an elite | 10 | |
| 7890229769 | Mayan decline | -between 700 and 900 CE -abandoned -mostly unsure why; most likely agricultural exhaustion | 11 | |
| 7890257985 | The Mochica | -200-700 CE -in moche valley and on coast to the north of Chavin -workers made great clay brick temples, residences, and platforms -artisans produced gold and silver jewelry, copper tools, and ceramics -expanded control by conquest, often at war | 12 | |
| 7890315505 | Polenisia | -migration of agricultural people to pacific islands -Fiji and Samoa by 1000 BCE -Hawaii by 400 CE | 13 | |
| 7890367594 | Common reasons for decline in Classical civilizations | -outside invasions -growing weakness of governments | 14 | |
| 7890414656 | Buddhism influence in china | -popular because provided comfort during economic and political instability -impacted art -reached throughout China by 5th century CE -impact on women: more controlled by their husbands (didn't challenge patriarchy) -caused formalization of Daoism | 15 | |
| 7890513561 | Sui Dynasty | -brief -northern china united -southern china reconquered -built new canals -repaired the great wall -expansion attempts brought financial collapse, along with rebellions -followed by Tang dynasty | 16 | |
| 7890572230 | India after Gupta decline | -440 CE - series of invasions by Huns; gradually reduced empires strength -Huns controlled much of NW India by 500 CE, quality of kings also diminishing at this time -collapsed entirely about 550 CE | 17 | |
| 7890613027 | Harsha Vardharna | -regional prince who broke the hold of the huns in India by 530 CE -established a loose empire along north India -died without heirs; empire broke up again | 18 | |
| 7890646800 | Rajput | -northern regional princes of India -emphasized military skill | 19 | |
| 7890657243 | Devi | -mother goddess -her worship spread widely within Hinduism -encouraged emotions in religious rituals | 20 | |
| 7890684697 | Major causes of the Roman Imperial decline | -population decline; death rate > birth rate -increasing difficulty to recruit effective armies -tax collection more difficult because residents fell on hard times -bad emperors -series of plagues and lead poisoning from aqueduct pipes -overuse of land lead to desertification | 21 | |
| 7890789919 | Diocletian | -ruled from 284 to 305 CE -tightened administration -tried to improve tax collection -tried to monopolize political loyalty, worship emperor as god -persecuted Christians because they wouldn't honor Caesar over their god | 22 | |
| 7890818802 | Constantine | -ruled from 312 to 337 CE -set up a second capital city, Constantinople, to regulate the eastern half of the empire --> eastern empire remained an effective political and economic unit -tried to unify empire with Christianity --> christianity spread | 23 | |
| 7890861275 | Roman decline | -despite Diocletian and Constantine, empire as a whole was still weak -german kingdoms set up in many parts of the empire by 425 -last roman emperor in the west was displaced in 476 | 24 | |
| 7890880232 | Attila the Hun | -406-453 -most famous invader in Europe -led the nomadic Huns -established loose empire from Germany to China -Roman and Germanic tribes resisted him -contributed to Rome's collapse -his kingdom fell after his death -importance of cavalry in warfare | 25 | |
| 7890912252 | The Byzantine Empire | -eastern empire of Rome -after fall of Rome -demonstrated great survival power | 26 | |
| 7890962957 | The Coptic Church | christian minority in Egypt + another branch in Ethiopia | 27 | |
| 7891002270 | Mahayana | -Chinese version of Buddhism -emphasis on Buddha as god or savior -well-organized temples with priests and rituals | 28 | |
| 7891030437 | Bodhisattvas | -buddhist holy men -achieved enlightenment (breaking cycle of reincarnation) -chose to return to earth to help others do the same | 29 | |
| 7891094666 | Christianity appeal | -emphasized salvation with well-organized rituals -extreme confidence; claimed exclusive truth | 30 | |
| 7891119872 | Jesus | -god sent him to earth to share his ideas and to, through his sacrifice, prepare for the possibility of an afterlife -main ideas: there is one god who loves mankind despite sin, a virtuous life is one worshiping God and dedicated to fellowship with other believers | 31 | |
| 7891153946 | Paul | -10-67 CE -key Christian leader -initially Jewish rabbi and did not like Christians -on a journey to round up Christians, a vision of Jesus came to him -became a follower -contributed to several adjustments in Christian doctrine | 32 | |
| 7891196535 | Pope | -bishop of Rome -gave western church unusual strength and independence | 33 | |
| 7891204677 | Council of Nicaea | -debated against Arianism (christ=divine but not as divine as God) in 325 -believed every part of the trinity was equally important | 34 | |
| 7891289717 | major reasons for successful dissemination of Christianity | -emphasis on church organization and structure -value on missionary activity -belief that error must be actively opposed in God's name -claim of possession of exclusive truth -intolerance of competing beliefs | 35 | |
| 7891315774 | Christian monasticism | -devoting fully to spiritual work; religious way of life -monastic movements developed in the eastern empire, Greece, Turkey, and Egypt -eastern monasticism organized by saint Basil in 4th century | 36 | |
| 7891337397 | differences between Christian practices in eastern and western parts of the roman empire (even after western collapse) | -latin: language of the church in the west; Greek: in the east -pope in west -patriarch of Constantinople in east -national religion of Byzantine empire in east | 37 | |
| 7893599885 | Arianism spread | -spread along silk road -prominent in central asia | 38 | |
| 7893604681 | appeal of buddhism | -appealed to lower castes -more flexible | 39 |
