Terms : Hide Images
| 114890802 | Islam | Major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad. (p. 107) | 0 | |
| 114890803 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children. (p. 129) | 1 | |
| 114890804 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. (p.131) | 2 | |
| 114890805 | Allah | Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam. (p. 107) | 3 | |
| 114890806 | Hijra | ... | 4 | |
| 114890807 | Five Pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. (p. 135) | 5 | |
| 114890808 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliphate if Islamic community. | 6 | |
| 114890809 | Uthman | Third caliphate and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and Umayyad (p. 138) | 7 | |
| 114890810 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads. (p. 138) | 8 | |
| 114890811 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. (p. 138) | 9 | |
| 114890812 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. (p. 142) | 10 | |
| 114890813 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire. (p. 143) | 11 | |
| 114890814 | Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital. (p. 242) | 12 | |
| 114890815 | Mosque | Where the faithful are called to pray five times a day. (p. 147) | 13 | |
| 114890816 | Muslims | Follower of Islam | 14 | |
| 114890817 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka 'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam. (p. 130) | 15 | |
| 114890818 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750. (p. 131) | 16 | |
| 114890819 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. (p. 132) | 17 | |
| 114890820 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity. (p. 134) | 18 | |
| 114890821 | Hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka 'ba. (p. 135) | 19 | |
| 114890822 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; resorted unity of Islam. (p. 136) | 20 | |
| 114890823 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party (p. 142) | 21 | |
| 114890824 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. (p. 138) | 22 | |
| 114890825 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. (p. 139) | 23 | |
| 114890826 | Abu al-Abbas | ... | 24 | |
| 114890827 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 25 | |
| 114890828 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. (p. 135) | 26 | |
| 114890829 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. (p. 128) | 27 | |
| 114890830 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following his flight from Mecca (hijra). (p.131) | 28 | |
| 114890831 | Ka 'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam. (p. 131) | 29 | |
| 114890832 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammud; holy book of Islam. (p. 133) | 30 | |
| 114890833 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims. (p. 134) | 31 | |
| 114890834 | Ali | (c. 599-661) Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a (p. 133) | 32 | |
| 114890835 | Jihad | Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith. (p. 137) | 33 | |
| 114890836 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali. | 34 | |
| 114890837 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate. (p. 138) | 35 | |
| 114890838 | Dhimmis | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zorostrians and even Hindus. (p. 139) | 36 | |
| 114890839 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. (p. 143) | 37 | |
| 114890840 | Hadith | Traditions of the prophet Muhmmad. (p. 139) | 38 | |
| 114890841 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design. (p. 144) | 39 | |
| 114890842 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad. | 40 |
