For Ch. 6 WHAP. Never finished, ahahaha...
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| 227637230 | Early Agriculture in Mesoamerica | By 8000 to 7000 B.C.E the peoples of Mesoamerica had begun to experiment with the cultivation of beans, chili peppers, avocados, squashes, and gourds. By 4000, they had discovered maize. Later on, agriculture had spread throughout. They ate turkeys and tiny barkless dogs. | 0 | |
| 227637231 | Ceremonial Centers | Around 2000 B.C.E, pyramids, temples, and places arose alongside Mesoamerican agricultural villages. Only priests, nobility, and a few artisans lived there while citizens only came to observe special rituals. | 1 | |
| 227637232 | Olmecs: "The Rubber People" | The first Olmec Society appeared along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico with the first capital near the present day town of Lorenzo. They built elaborate drainage systems to control the flooding that the region received, some are still used today. | 2 | |
| 227637233 | Olmec Society | This society was authoritarian where common citizens labored for the ruling elite, and provided them with a portion of their harvest. The Olmecs created colossal human heads sculpted from basalt rock, some near 10 ft. tall and 20 tons-- Instead of animal labor, humans dragged boulders from quarries, floated them on rafts, then dragged them to their locations! The Olmec Society declined and fell apart around 400 B.C.E, and many scholars thought it was that they destroyed their own cities, probably because of civil conflicts or doubts. Later Mesoa. societies adopted several Olmec traditions.. | 3 | |
| 227637234 | Trade in Jade and Obsidian | The Olmecs produced large numbers of decorative objects from jade, which they had to import. They also used obsidian from which they fashioned knives and axes. They did not have any metal technology, and those were sharp. Both things came to the Gulf coast from distant regions in the interior of Mesoamerica. In exchange for the imports, the Olmecs traded small works of art fashioned from jade, basalt, or ceramics, and maybe even animal skins. | 4 | |
| 227637235 | The Maya | The Maya occupied areas of southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. Those areas were good for farming and to maximize production, they built terraces designed to trap silt carried by the rivers passing through the low lands. They grew maize, cotton, and the cacao been which they powdered, into a chocolate beverage. The nobles were the ones with the only access to it and was sometimes used as money. | 5 | |
| 227637236 | Tikal | Tikal was one of the larger ceremonial centers with a population of 40,000 by 600 C.E and was complete with many paved plazas, temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings. | 6 | |
| 227637237 | Maya Warfare | The purpose of Maya Warfare was to capture enemies for slavery or human sacrifice. High ranking captives underwent ritual torture and sacrifice in public ceremonies on special occasions. | 7 | |
| 227637238 | Chichen Itza | Only Chichen Itza was able to halt conflict long enough to establish a loose empire. Chichen Itza's rulers wanted to integrate prisoners into their society instead of sacrificing them, but many chose death instead. | 8 | |
| 227637239 | Maya Decline | Around 800 C.E most of the Mayans deserted their cities; leaving historians to guess why. Some theories include invading armies, civil war, dissatisfaction with the kings, spread of diseases, farming drought, and earthquakes all combined to cause the collapse. The Mayans abandoned their towns and simply walked away, leaving their elaborate cities to be consumed by the forest. | 9 | |
| 227637240 | The Maya Calendar | The Maya studied astronomy and math. They understood the movements of heavenly bodies well enough to plot planetary cycles and predict eclipses. They invented the concept of zero, and by combining their astronomical observations and math reasoning, Maya priests calculated the length of the year at 365.242 days, only 17 seconds shorter than modern stuff. | 10 | |
| 227637241 | Maya Writing | Mayan writing contained both ideographic elements and symbols for syllables. Scholars had only begun to decipher this script only since the 1960s. Mayan scribes wrote works of history, poetry, and myth, and also kept genealogical, administrative, and astronomical records. When Spanish conquerors and missionaries arrived in the 16th century C.E, they destroyed all the books they could find to fully "convert" the Mayans. | 11 | |
| 227637242 | Maya Religious Thought | The "Popol Vuh" was a Maya creation myth, which taught that the gods had created human beings out of maize and water. Thus Maya religious thought reflected the fundamental role of agriculture in their society. Many priests taught that the gods kept the world going and maintained the agricultural cycle in exchange for honors and sacrifices performed for them by human beings. | 12 | |
| 227637243 | Bloodletting Rituals | One of the rituals done was the shedding of human blood, which the Maya believed would prompt the gods to send rain to water their crops of maize. Some bloodletting rituals centered on war captives. Before sacrificing the victims by decapitations, their captors cut off the ends of their fingers or lacerated their bodies so as to cause a copious flow of blood in honor of the gods. Yet the Maya did not look upon these rituals simply as opportunities to torture their enemies. The royals' blood was also shed. | 13 | |
| 227637244 | The Maya Ball Game | This was inherited from the Olmecs. The game sometimes pitted two men against each other, but it often involved teams o two to four members apiece. The object of the game was for players to score points by propelling a rubber b all through a ring or onto a marker without using their hands. The ball was made of rubber and was heavy and hard, making it easy for a player to get a concussion. The game was very popular... But the Maya played the ball game for many reasons. Sometimes individuals competed for sporting purposes or bets were made on the outcome for professionals. This was also used as a ritual. High-ranking captives often engaged in forced public competition in which the stakes were their very lives: losers became sacrificial victims and get killed. So, the Maya concerns to please the gods also had gone into the realm of sports. | 14 | |
| 227637245 | The City of Teotihuacan | Was a large agricultural village by 500 B.C.E. It rapidly expanded after about 200 B.C.E, and by the end of the millennium it approached 50k. The city's two prominent monuments were the pyramids of the sun and the moon. This was a thriving city for some time, and did need a recognized source of authority. They had books and records that could have shed light on this, but they perished once the city had declined. They did have paintings and murals, though. Priests were crucial to the survival o the society, so it would not have been unusual to govern the city in the name of the gods.. | 15 | |
| 227637246 | The Society of Teotihuacan | This city's population included cultivators, artisans, and merchants. Around 2/3 of the city's people worked during the day in the fields and returned to the city at night. Artisans were known for their obsidian tools and fine orange pottery. The residents also participated in extensive trade and the professional ones traded throughout Mesoamerica. The city did not have defensive walls or war art. This society wasn't all about military, but more so it's ability to produce goods. The Maya capital did fall under its influence, but it might've been to back its authority. | 16 | |
| 227637247 | Cultural Traditions | Like Maya, inspired by the Olmecs. They played the ball game, adapted the Olmec calendar to their own use, and expanded the Olmecs' graphic symbols into a complete system of writing. Their books have all perished, so it's impossibly to know how they exactly viewed the world. Works of art suggest that they had a earth god and rain god. | 17 | |
| 227637248 | Delcine of Teotihuacan | It began to face an increasing military pressure from other peoples around 500 C.E.Works around this time featured a lot of eagles, jaguars, and coyotes which are associated with war. After about 650 C.E, the city entered a period of decline. Later on, invaders sacked and burned the city. More residents deserted the place and so the city slowly fell into ruin. | 18 | |
| 227637249 | Early Agriculture in South America | .The region relied on beans, peanuts, and sweet potatoes as their main crops. Varieties of potato supported agricultural communities in the highlands after about 2000 B.C.E. By 1800 B.C.E, peoples in all the Andean regions had begun to fashion distinctive styles of pottery and to build temples and pyramids in large ceremonial centers. | 19 | |
| 227637250 | The Chavin Cult | Had enormous popularity during the period 900 to 800 B.C.E, and spread throughout most of the territory, then vanished about 300 B.C.E. Not much is known about it, but it is assumed that the cult was design to promote fertility and abundant harvests. During the era of this cult, the Andean society became increasingly complex.. | 20 | |
| 227637251 | Early Cities | . | 21 | |
| 227637252 | The Mochica State | . | 22 | |
| 227637253 | Early Hunting and Gathering Societies in Australia | . | 23 | |
| 227637254 | Austronesian Peoples | . | 24 | |
| 227637255 | Early Agriculture in New Guinea | . | 25 | |
| 227637256 | Austronesian Migrations to Polynesia | . | 26 | |
| 227637257 | Austronesian Migrations to Micronesia and Madagascar | . | 27 | |
| 227637258 | The Lapita Peoples | . | 28 | |
| 227637259 | Chiefly Political Organization | . | 29 |
