The American Pageant Twelfth Edition Guidebook Vocabulary
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| 599295945 | domestic | Concerning the internal affairs of a country. | |
| 599295946 | minister | In politics, a person appointed by the head of state to take charge of some department or agency of government. | |
| 599295947 | autocratic | Marked by strict authoritarian rule, without consent or participation by the populace. | |
| 599295948 | peasant | A farmer or agricultural laborer, sometimes legally tied to the land. | |
| 599295949 | coureurs des bois | Far-running, high-living, French-Canadian fur trappers; literally, "runners of the woods." | |
| 599295950 | voyageurs | French-Canadian explorers, adventurers, and traders. | |
| 599295951 | flotilla | A fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels. | |
| 599295952 | ecological | Concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment. | |
| 599295953 | mutinous | Concerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers. | |
| 599295954 | strategic | Concerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale military forces so as to gain advantage, usually prior to actual engagement with the enemy. | |
| 599295955 | guerrilla warfare | Unconventional combat waged by small military units using hit-and-run tactics. | |
| 599295956 | sallies (sally) | In warfare, very rapid military movements, usually by small units, against an enemy force or position. | |
| 599295957 | siege | A military operation of surrounding and attacking a fortified place, often over a sustained period. | |
| 599295958 | regulars | Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. | |
| 599295959 | commissions | An official certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces. | |
| 599295960 | Huguenots | French Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France. | |
| 599295961 | King Louis XIV | Absolute French monarch who reigned for seventy-two years. | |
| 599295962 | beaver | Animal whose pelt provided great profits for the French empire and enhanced European fashion at enormous ecological cost. | |
| 599295963 | Jesuits | French Catholic religious order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert the Indians. | |
| 599295964 | ear | Part of a certain British naval officer's anatomy that set off an imperial war with Spain. | |
| 599295965 | Louisbourg | Strategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759. | |
| 599295966 | Ohio (River) Valley | Inland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists. | |
| 599295967 | Germany | Bloodiest European theater of the Seven Years' War, where Frederick the Great's troops drained French strength away from North America. | |
| 599295968 | Albany Congress | Unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly led to success by his eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry. | |
| 599295969 | George Washington | Military aide of British General Braddock and defender of the frontier after Braddock's defeat. He was also the militia commander whose frontier skirmish in Pennsylvania touched off a world war. | |
| 599295970 | Quebec | Fortress boldly assaulted by General Wolfe, spelling doom for New France. | |
| 599295971 | Militia Men | The "buckskin" colonial soldiers whose military success did nothing to alter British officers' contempt. | |
| 599295972 | Native Americans | Allies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after the peace settlement of 1763. | |
| 599295973 | The Seven Years' War | The larger European struggle of which the French and Indian War was a part of. The European conflict pitted France against Britain's ally Frederick the Great of Prussia. | |
| 599295974 | Samuel de Champlain | The Father of New France, who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians. | |
| 599295975 | Robert de la Salle | French empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch, King Louis XIV. | |
| 599295976 | Treaty of Utrecht | Agreement that ended the War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War) and awarded Acadia to Britain. | |
| 599295977 | War of Austrian Succession | Conflict that started with the War of Jenkins' Ear and ended with the return of Louisbourg to France. | |
| 599295978 | Fort Duquesne | Strategic French stronghold; later renamed after a great British statesman. | |
| 599295979 | Benjamin Franklin | Advocate of colonial unity at the unsuccessful Albany Congress. | |
| 599295980 | General Braddock | Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of the French and Indian War. | |
| 599295981 | William Pitt | Splendid British orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in North America. | |
| 599295982 | Plains of Abraham | Site of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New World empire also perished. | |
| 599295983 | Pontiac | Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion. | |
| 599295984 | Proclamation of 1763 | British document that aroused colonial anger but failed to stop frontier expansion. | |
| 599295985 | New Orleans | Strategic French outpost at the mouth of the Mississippi. | |
| 599295986 | Acadians (Cajuns) | French colonists in Nova Scotia brutally uprooted by victorious British and shipped to Louisiana. |
