Terms : Hide Images
| 79063664 | Sarason definition of a community | a readily available, mutually supportive network of relationships on which one could depend | |
| 79063665 | Major types of communities | locality-based, and relational | |
| 79063666 | Locality-based community | people, groups, and organizations who interact primarily based on proximity, not necessarily by choice; examples: neighborhood, small town, city | |
| 79063667 | Relational community | people, groups, and organizations whose connections are based upon commonalities or identification and are not limited by place or geography; examples: club, occupation, ethnicity | |
| 79063668 | Types of relational communities | identity community, common interest community, task-oriented community, collective power structure community | |
| 79063669 | Identity community examples | religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation | |
| 79063670 | Common interest community examples | social or recreational clubs, occupation | |
| 79063671 | Task-oriented community examples | school, workplace | |
| 79063672 | Collective power structure community examples | labor unions, advocacy groups | |
| 79066496 | Multiple communities | communities exist on multiple levels of analysis; people belong to multiple communities simultaneously; multiple communities can bring multiple resources but can also present conflicting or competing commitments | |
| 79066497 | Communities are dynamic | the value and significance of our community memberships can vary widely and can change over time and context; communities and subcommunities emerge and become inactive as contexts and needs change | |
| 79066498 | Mediating structure | intermediate communities that link different ecological levels | |
| 79066499 | Who defines a community | external systems and community members may define the boundaries and inclusion of a community in different ways; coulton et al study found that census tract definitions of neighborhoods were different from neighborhood drawings that community members made (implcations for data such as crime rates as well as for the development of intervention programs) | |
| 79066500 | Significance of a psychological sense of community | Sarason; loneliness and alienation that emerges from individualism is the defining problem of many western societies; loss or dilution of strong community connections is the most destructive dynamic in people's lives | |
| 79066501 | Community and psychological well-being | psychological well-being, quality of life, meaning and purpose, self-esteem and positive behaviors are strongly related to having a sense of belongingness, connection, and identification with something larger than oneself | |
| 79066502 | Communities and community psychology | the development and maintenance of communities and connection to communities are keystone values of community psychology | |
| 79066503 | Sense of community | connection to a larger whole characterized by sharing an emotional bond or common condition; a feeling of belonging, identification, and security in relationship to a larger group; a sense of being "in this together", that others "have my back" | |
| 79066504 | Sarason psychological sense of community | perception of similarity, acknowledgment of interdependence; feeling of being part of a larger dependable, stable structure; willingness to give to others | |
| 79066505 | McMillan and Chavis psychological sense of community | feeling of belonging; feeling that members matter to one another and to the group; shared faith that members needs will be met through commitment to be together; PSOC increases the quality of life; what constitutes sense of community may vary in different contexts and cultures | |
| 79066506 | Four major elements of psychological sense of community | mcmillan and chavis; membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, shared emotional connection | |
| 79068204 | PSOC elements: membership | sense of having invested part of oneself in the community; feeling of belonging and acceptance; five attributes: boundaries, common symbols, emotional safety, personal investment, sense of belonging/identification with community | |
| 79068205 | Membership: boundaries | criteria for defining members and nonmembers (qualities, goals, territory); may be clear and explicit or vague and obscure | |
| 79068206 | Membership: common symbol system | observable and identifiable markers of belonging (logos, mascot, sayings, colors, flags, anthems, clothing) | |
| 79068207 | Membership: emotional safety | sense of security and comfort; a feeling of acceptance by others; one can be themselves and share that with others | |
| 79068208 | Membership: personal investment | demonstration of long-term commitment to the community; willingess to "pay dues" for membership (time, money, risk-taking, personal sacrifices) | |
| 79068209 | Membership: sense of belonging and identification | strong feeling of connection; relationship with the community is a central part of one's personal identitfy | |
| 79068210 | PSOC elements: influence | reflects vertical relations; the mutual influence of the group and individual (individuals influence the group and can exert power within the group; the group influences teh behavior and thinking of individual - group dynamics can exert power on individuals within the group) | |
| 79068211 | PSOC elements: integration and fulfillment of needs | reflects horizontal relations; connections through deeper shared values and ideals (communities involvement facilitates the realization and living of these values); needs and goals are met through community involvement; access to resources through community involvement | |
| 79068212 | PSOC elements: shared emotional connection | the definitive element for true community; a strong bone that is felt and experienced; the strenght of the bond emerges from positive contact, shared history and experiences, shared crises, celebrations, rituals, stories; some experience it as spiritual | |
| 79068213 | PSOC: issues and complications | multiple communities, intra-community issues, external relationships and dangers of strenghtening PSOC | |
| 79072910 | Issues and complications: Multiple communities | can enrich identity and increase quality of life; can also compete for time and energy; conflicting commitments require one to choose or prioritize one community over another | |
| 79072911 | Issues and complications: intra-community issues | myth of "we"; macrobelonging and microbelonging; subcommunities (can provide identity niche, change efforts often start here, can create conflict) | |
| 79072912 | Myth of "we" | an emphasis on the similarities without attending to the differences in a community; romanticizing the psychological sense of community, without recognizing diversity within a community | |
| 79072913 | Macrobelonging | the community's overall shared sense of community | |
| 79072914 | Microbelongings | the diverse other identities or connections that members of a community have | |
| 79072915 | External relationships and dangers of strengthening PSOC | victimization and exclusion of outsiders to maintain status or privilege; defining community by sense of superiority vs sense of connection; can increase conflict between communities; implcations for intergroup relations and "isms" | |
| 79072916 | The "just community" | concept of community that incorporates issues of justice and equality; memebers seek to balance community values, individual freedoms, and social justice (concern for diverse subcommunities and individual members, relationships with othe communities) | |
| 79072917 | Sense of community and exclusionary practices | delicate balance between building a strong sense of community and not promoting exclusionary or oppressive behavior | |
| 79072918 | Dominant cultural narratives | are familiar to most people in a culture and are communitcated through media, books, and shared rituals; they convey values prized by the culture or at least by its most powerful members | |
| 79072919 | Community narratives | are told within smaller communities and may follow or resist dominant cultural narratives | |
| 79072920 | Personal stories | are individual's unique accounts, created to make sense of their own lives; often draw on shared cultural or community naritives to find meaning | |
| 79074658 | 10 Elements of a competent community | Cottrell and Iscoe; commitment, self-other awareness, articulateness, communication, conflict containment and accomodation, participation in decision-making, management of relations with larger society, utilization of resources, socialization for leadership, evaluation | |
| 79074659 | Commitment | individuals are motivated to engage in shared community work; community and individuals influence each other | |
| 79074660 | Self-other awareness | members clearly understand their own and their subgroup's interests and views along with those of other members and subgroups | |
| 79074661 | Articulateness | members have the ability to state clearly their or their subgroup's views and interests | |
| 79074662 | Communication | ideas and terms with a shared meaning are used to communicate within the community; these are based on understanding multiple perspectives within teh group and lead to genuine collaboration among members and subgroups | |
| 79074663 | Conflict containment and accommodation | a set of agreed-upon procedures exists to recongize and manage conflicts within teh community | |
| 79074664 | Participation in decision making | a set of agreed-upon procedures enables members to participate actively in community goal setting, decision making and implementing of plans | |
| 79074665 | Management of relations with larger society | the community identifies and uses external resources and responds to external demands or threats | |
| 79074666 | Utilization of resources | the community makes the best use of resources and skills among community members and those acquired externally | |
| 79074667 | Socialization for leadership | work is conducted so that citizens learn skills for participation, leadership, and exercising pwoer and responsibility; this includes transferring power wile managing conflicts | |
| 79074668 | Evaluation | action research is conducted on community issues, and effectiveness of programs and policies is evaluated, with use of feedback for improvement | |
| 79075341 | Related concepts to sense of communigy | narratives, neighboring, place attachment, citizen participation, social support, social capital | |
| 79075342 | Neighboring | specific behaviors such as personal interaction and assistance among neighbors | |
| 79075343 | Place attachment | refers to emotional bonding to a particular physical environment and usually to the social ties one has there | |
| 79075344 | Citizen participation | collective action; sense of community is a strong predictor of citizen participation in neighborhood association; however, citizens may participate in community decisions even if they do not share a strong positive sense of community | |
| 79075345 | Social support | sources of help in coping with stress | |
| 79075346 | Social capital | social networks and connections among individuals that form a network of reciprocal social relations; mutuality and trustworthiness and central dynamics | |
| 79093735 | Putnam's contributions | "Bowling alone"; documented shifts in forms of community involvement; formal and informal types of social capital; concern over erosion of connections and mutual understanding within and between communities (bonding and bridging); strength of social capital is related to various indicators of community health and well being (child health, educational achievement, lower murder rates, lower rates of disease) | |
| 79093736 | Bonding | creating and maintaining strong emotional ties within groups and communities | |
| 79093737 | Bridging | creating and maintaining links across groups and communities; strength of weak ties - mutual interests, collaboration; bridging social capital is weakening in the US | |
| 79093738 | Neighborhood social capital | sense of community, neighboring, citizen participation, sense of collective efficacy | |
| 79093739 | Strength of weak ties | relationships between persons who are not close friends but acquainted sufficiently to recognize mutual interests, pass on information about the community, and act together when needed | |
| 79093740 | Religion | a set of beliefs and practices associated with a particular organization or institution; emphasizes relationality | |
| 79093741 | Spirituality | beliefs and practices associated with a personally meaningful sense of transcendence beyond oneself and one's immediate world which may include a personal connection to a transcendent power; emphasizes relationality | |
| 79093742 | Spiritual communities | religious or spiritual or faith-based institutions, organizations, or settings; vary in their focus, belief system, function, action-oriented (eg personal salvation, broad spiritual growth, community bonding, social service ministries, calls for social justice) | |
| 79093743 | Five functions of spiritual communities | 1. connection, belonging, and sense of community (mcmillian and chavis 4 elements of PSOC), 2. community service, 3. meaning and understanding, 4. relevance to opprossed group, 5. can challenge forces in mainstream culture (ex civil rights movement) | |
| 79093744 | Spiritual communities and community service | concern and assistance for others | |
| 79093745 | Spiritual communities and meaning/understanding | understand one's purpose, guides for living, solace in the face of suffering and life crises | |
| 79093746 | Spiritual communities and relevance to oppressed groups | provide resources and empowerment | |
| 79093747 | Maton and Wells | religion as a community resoruce (healing, prevention, empowerment) | |
| 79093748 | Religion and healing | maton and wells; can soothe and give meaning to stressfull circumstances and life experiences | |
| 79093749 | Religion and prevention | maton and wells; can provide support and access to resources | |
| 79093750 | Religion and empowerment | maton and wells; can provide setting to organize and mobilize people | |
| 79093751 | Negative aspects of religion | (maton and wells) guilt and anxiety, disempowerment and control, oppression, bureaucracy |
