Terms : Hide Images
| 235407026 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. | 0 | |
| 235407027 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 1 | |
| 235407028 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. | 2 | |
| 235407029 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. | 3 | |
| 235407030 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. | 4 | |
| 235407031 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh. | 5 | |
| 235407032 | Khadijah | the wife of Muhammad. | 6 | |
| 235407033 | Ka'ba | revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. | 7 | |
| 235407034 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. | 8 | |
| 235407035 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam. | 9 | |
| 235407036 | Zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. | 10 | |
| 235407037 | Five pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). | 11 | |
| 235407038 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. | 12 | |
| 235407039 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism. | 13 | |
| 235407040 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph. | 14 | |
| 235407041 | Ridda | wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam. | 15 | |
| 235407042 | Jihad | Islamic holy war. | 16 | |
| 235407043 | Uthman | third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali. | 17 | |
| 235407044 | Siffin | battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party. | 18 | |
| 235407045 | Mu'awiya | first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus. | 19 | |
| 235407046 | Copts, Nestorians | Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims. | 20 | |
| 235407047 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. | 21 | |
| 235407048 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam. | 22 | |
| 235407049 | Karbala | site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. | 23 | |
| 235407050 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam. | 24 | |
| 235407051 | Jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. | 25 | |
| 235407052 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. | 26 | |
| 235407053 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad. | 27 | |
| 235407054 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam. | 28 | |
| 235407055 | Battle of the River Zab | 750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy. | 29 | |
| 235407056 | Baghdad | Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon. | 30 | |
| 235407057 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids. | 31 | |
| 235407058 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants. | 32 | |
| 235407059 | Ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids. | 33 |
