The War of 1812 filled Americans with national pride and confidence in the future. Yet against the backdrop of an emerging national identity, two distinct economic systems were developing in the North and South. Nationalism gave way to sectionalism as the two regions disagreed over issues such as slavery, economic policy, and the issue of state's rights.
Terms : Hide Images
| 483857120 | Alexis de Tocqueville | (1805-1859) French philosopher and political writer noted for his analysis of American government and institutions. He wrote "Democracy in America." | |
| 483857121 | Hudson River School | (Founded by Thomas Cole) First "American" artistic style which emphasized expansive natural landscapes and human interactions. The landscapres represented U.S. territorial expansion, while human elements represent nationalistic ideas of "American" self-reliance, hard work, and independence. |  |
| 483857122 | James Fenimore Cooper | One of the United States' first writers to gain international recognition during the 1820's. His writings changed the mood of national literature and created textbooks "for Americans, written by Americans." He wrote the books, "The Spy" and "The Last of the Mohicans," which include themes of American nationalism following the American Revolution and War of 1812. | |
| 483857123 | Washington Irving | American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," which were contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820). | |
| 483857124 | Noah Webster | (1758-1843) An American lexicographer and writer who made textbooks to advance education. He also wrote an "American" dictionary which helped standardize the American-English language by clarifying unique spellings, words, and meanings. | |
| 483857125 | Nationalism | The belief the interests of the nation as a whole are more important than regional interests or the interests of other countries. | |
| 483857126 | Sectionalism | The belief the interests of one's own section, or region of a country are more important than the nation as a whole. | |
| 483857127 | John Marshall | Longest seated Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who firmly established judicial review as a power of the Judicial Branch of the Federal government. Many early decisions supported and strengthened the authority and power of the Federal government. | |
| 483857128 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | (1818) The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming the National Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, the Supreme Court ruled the Bank was "necessary and proper" and therefore constitutional. It also ruled Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank (supremacy of national government). | |
| 483857129 | Gibbons vs. Ogden | (1824) This suit grew from an attempt by the state of New York to grant a licensed monopoly over of waterborne commerce on the Hudson River against a Federal license. The Supreme Court declared Congress alone had the control of interstate commerce. This case weakened states' rights while increasing the power of the federal government. | |
| 483857130 | American System | Economic interaction between north and south,advanced by Henry Clay, which supported a national bank, high tariffs, sale of federal land, and internal improvements. The program emphasized a strong role for federal government in the economy. | |
| 483857131 | James Monroe | ..., He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars | |
| 483857132 | John Quincy Adams | 6th U.S. President (1825-1829)-Democratic-Republican Secretary of State during James Monroe's, Presidency (1817-1825). Skilled diplomat: Adams-Onis Treaty and the Treaty of Ghent. Credited with writing theMonroe Doctrine. | |
| 483857133 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | |
| 483857134 | Adams Onis Treaty | 1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean. | |
| 483857135 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. | |
| 483857136 | Missouri Compromise | an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories | |
| 483879700 | Jacksonian Democracy | ..., this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power. | |
| 483879701 | Spoils System | ..., The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale. | |
| 483879702 | Indian Removal Act | ..., Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. | |
| 483879703 | Worcester vs. Georgia | ..., cherokee appealed to supreme court to stop white encroachments into cherokee nation; marshal ruled in indians favor saying that only federal govt could do that and states had no authority over tribes | |
| 483879704 | Trail of Tears | ..., The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. | |
| 483879705 | Second Bank of the United States | ..., This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society. | |
| 483879706 | States' Rights | belief that because the states created the United States, individual states have the power to nullify federal laws | |
| 483879707 | John C. Calhoun | Served as Andrew Jackson's vice-president, but later resigned due to the Nullification Crisis and his allegience to his home state of South Carolina. He was a spokesman for slavery, the South, and states' rights. | |
| 483879708 | Secede | to formally withdraw from the Union | |
| 483879709 | Nullification Crisis | The biggest crisis of Jackson's Presidency, started by South Carolina opposition to the tariffs leveled in 1828 and 1832 by Jackson supporters. "Nullifiers" thought that a state could nullify a federal law within its own borders if it so desired. When South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, announced its intention to nullify the tariffs in the fall of 1832, it touched off what almost developed into a civil war, as Jackson massed military resources on the state's borders. Finally resolved in the spring of 1833 when South Carolina agreed to a new fairer tariff passed by Congress. | |
| 490126378 | Samual Slater | ..., He was a skilled mechanic, and he memorized the machine plans and brought them into America | |
| 490126379 | Industrial Revolution | ..., the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. | |
| 490126380 | Francis Lowell | ..., Through his founding of textile mills in the early 19th century, this man changed the character of textile manufacturing and contributed significantly to America's early industrialization. He opened his first factory at Waltham, Massachusetts in 1814. It was the first mill in the world that converted raw cotton into finished cloth at a single location. For laborers he hired mainly young single women who lived in company housing under strict supervision. | |
| 490126381 | Lowell girls | ..., Young, single women from New England farms that had experience for the textile industry and were cheaper to hire than males. Lived in company-owned boardinghouses where older women acted as chaperones. | |
| 490126382 | National Road | ..., The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West. | |
| 490126383 | Erie Canal | ..., A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. | |
| 490126384 | Robert Fulton | ..., American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) | |
| 490126386 | Telegraph | ..., machine invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire | |
| 490309510 | Cotton Gin | Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers and allowed it to be processed quickly and cheaply. This made cotton profitable and encouraged more cotton to be grown and more slaves imported. | |
| 490309511 | Cotton Belt | the area of high cotton production in the South, it stretched from North Carolina to Texas | |
| 490309512 | King Cotton | term used to describe the dominance of the South's cash crop (Cotton) on politics, agriculture, and society |
