Vocab for chapter 8
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| 516440056 | Stateless Societies | Societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states. | 0 | |
| 516440057 | Maghrib | Arabic term for western North Africa. | 1 | |
| 516440058 | Almoravids | A puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain. | 2 | |
| 516440059 | Almohads | A later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain. | 3 | |
| 516440060 | Ethiopia | A Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa. | 4 | |
| 516440061 | Lalibela | Thirteenth century Ethiopian ruler; built great rock churches. | 5 | |
| 516440062 | Sahel | The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; an exchange region between the forests to the south and North Africa. | 6 | |
| 516440063 | Sudanic States | States trading to North Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways. | 7 | |
| 516440064 | Mali | State of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers. | 8 | |
| 516440065 | Juula | Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali empire and West Africa. | 9 | |
| 516440066 | Mansa | Title of the ruler of Mali. | 10 | |
| 516440067 | Kankan Musa | Made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the 14th century that became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way. | 11 | |
| 516440068 | Ishak al-Sahili | An architect who returned with Kankan Musa to Mali; created a distinctive Sudanic architecture utilizing beaten clay. | 12 | |
| 516440069 | Sundiata | Created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260. | 13 | |
| 516440070 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings. | 14 | |
| 516440071 | Timbuktu | Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university. | 15 | |
| 516440072 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao. | 16 | |
| 516440073 | Askia Muhammad | Extended the boundaries of Songhay in the mid-16th century. | 17 | |
| 516440074 | Hausa States | States, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs. | 18 | |
| 516440075 | Zanj | Arabic term for the people and coast of East Africa. | 19 | |
| 516440076 | East African trading ports | Urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar. | 20 | |
| 516440077 | Ibn Batuta | Muslim traveler who described African societies and cultures. | 21 | |
| 516440078 | Demographic Transition | The change from slow to rapid population growth; often associated with industrialization; occurred first in Europe and is more characteristic of the "developed world". | 22 | |
| 516440079 | Nok | Central Nigerian culture with a highly developed art style flourishing between 500 B.C.E. and 200 C.E. | 23 | |
| 516440080 | Yoruba | Highly urbanized Nigerian agriculturalists organized into small city-states, as Oyo, under the authority of regional divine kings presiding over elaborate courts. | 24 | |
| 516440081 | Ile-Ife | The holiest Yoruba city; created terra-cotta and bronze portrait heads that rank among the greatest achievements of African art. | 25 | |
| 516440082 | Benin | Nigerian city-state formed by the Edo people during the fourteenth century; famous for its bronze art work. | 26 | |
| 516440083 | Luba | Peoples, in Katanga; created a form of divine kingship where the ruler had powers ensuring fertility of people and crops. | 27 | |
| 516440084 | Kongo Kingdom | Large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Congo. | 28 | |
| 516440085 | Zimbabwe | Central African royal stone courts. | 29 | |
| 516440086 | Great Zimbabwe | With massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa. | 30 | |
| 516440087 | Mwene Mutapa | Ruler of Great Zimbabwe; controlled a large territory reaching to the Indian Ocean. | 31 |
