Chapter 8 The American Pageant - 12th Edition
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| 1681937239 | George Washington | Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. | 0 | |
| 1681937240 | William Howe | During the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer. Bunker Hill. | 1 | |
| 1681937241 | Nathaniel Greene | Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker". | 2 | |
| 1681937242 | Benedict Arnold | He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history. | 3 | |
| 1681937243 | John Burgoyne | British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792) | 4 | |
| 1681937244 | Charles Cornwallis | Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution. | 5 | |
| 1681937245 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man | 6 | |
| 1681937246 | Barry St. Leger | Led British Army, tried to take Fort Stanwix but American Benedict Arnold drove him back. | 7 | |
| 1681937247 | George Rogers Clark | Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, secured the Northwest Territory for America. | 8 | |
| 1681937248 | Richard Henry Lee | Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence. | 9 | |
| 1681937249 | Horatio Gates | Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga. | 10 | |
| 1681937250 | John Paul Jones | American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight." | 11 | |
| 1681937251 | Thomas Jefferson | Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. | 12 | |
| 1681937252 | Marquis de Lafayette | He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill. | 13 | |
| 1681937253 | Admiral de Grasse | operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assult on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and Admiral de Grasse blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781. | 14 | |
| 1681937254 | Patrick Henry | a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) | 15 | |
| 1681937255 | Comte de Rochambeau | Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York. | 16 | |
| 1681937256 | John Jay | United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829) | 17 | |
| 1681937257 | Ethan Allen | a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789) | 18 | |
| 1681937258 | Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. | 19 | |
| 1681937259 | Richard Montgomery | A formerly British General, he then led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. Montgomery's attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed. | 20 | |
| 1681937260 | King George III | King of England, stubborn, stupid, levied taxes even though he knew colonist would hate it, poor ruler, passed Quartering Act (Intolerable Acts) , hated colonists, wanted to show who's in charge | 21 | |
| 1681937261 | Mercenaries | hired soldiers | 22 | |
| 1681937262 | Natural Rights | the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property | 23 | |
| 1681937263 | Privateering | Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale.(American Revolution, 1775-1783) | 24 | |
| 1681937264 | Republicanism | A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed. | 25 | |
| 1681937265 | Natural Aristocracy | to maintain social heirarchy; meaning ppl rise to pwr based on natural talent not heridity | 26 | |
| 1681937266 | Popular Consent | The idea that a just government must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs. | 27 | |
| 1681937267 | Civic Virtue | notion that democracy depended on unselfish commitment to the public good | 28 | |
| 1681937268 | Second Continental Congress | They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence | 29 | |
| 1681937269 | Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation | 30 | |
| 1681937270 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 31 | |
| 1681937271 | Loyalists | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence | 32 | |
| 1681937272 | Tories | Loyalists | 33 | |
| 1681937273 | Patriots | Colonists who wanted independence from Britain | 34 | |
| 1681937274 | Whigs | Colonists | 35 | |
| 1681937275 | Treaty of Paris of 1783 | The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians. | 36 | |
| 1681937276 | Bunker Hill | a battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. yet gave them confidence- It pushed Americans towards a final decision for war. | 37 | |
| 1681937277 | Battle of Saratoga | Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. | 38 | |
| 1681937278 | Battle of Yorktown | Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. | 39 | |
| 1681937279 | Hessians | German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty. | 40 |
