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| chemical reactions and physical workings of a cell | ||
| anabolism,catabolism | ||
| breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy and makes ATP | ||
| process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules; biosynthesis and uses ATP | ||
| special class of proteins that are a remarkable example of catalysts. | ||
| break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals outside the cell | ||
| function inside the cell | ||
| always ON,always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates | ||
| The production of which is either turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate. | ||
| turned on | ||
| turned off | ||
| LEO the Lion GER | ||
| competes with substrate for active site | ||
| enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other that the substrate on the active site | ||
| consume energy | ||
| release energy | ||
| NAD, FAD, NADP | ||
| adenine,ribose,3 phosphate groups | ||
| chemicals that speed up the rate of chemical reactions without becoming part of the product. | ||
| Enzymes DO NOT create a ____. | ||
| Enzymes act as ____ ____ to speed up the rate of ____ ____. | ||
| Enzymes provide an ____ ___ for target molecules called _____. | ||
| used up permentaly changed | ||
| Enzymes are essential to life because _____metabolic reactions do not occur fast enough to sustain life, or cell processes. | ||
| A conjugated enzyme; a combination of of a protein and nonprotein molecules. (Apoenzyme + 1 or more Cofactors) | ||
| Protein portion of a Holoenzyme. | ||
| The non-protein portion of a Holoenzyme. | ||
| coenzymes, vitamins | ||
| iron, copper, magnesium | ||
| organic cofactors that work in conjunction with the apoenzyme to perform a necessary alteration of a substrate. | ||
| substrate (=key) has a special shape to work with the enzyme (=lock) | ||
| enzyme helps substrate move into the active site through slight changes in its shape. | ||
| use ATP and they release 1 molecule of H2O per bond. | ||
| break down substrates into small molecules and requires the input of H2O to break the bond. | ||
| breaking of bonds the requires H20 | ||
| The capacity to do work or cause change | ||
| Thermal, Radiant, Electrical, Mechanical, Atomic, Chemical (Them Rabbits Eat More After Carrots) | ||
| Cells manage energy in the form of ____ ____ that change molecules: Breaking and making bonds, and electron transfer | ||
| consume energy | ||
| release energy | ||
| compound that looses a electron e- | ||
| compound that gains a electron e- | ||
| always occurs in pairs. There is an electron donor and electron acceptor which constitutes a conjugate pair or ______ pair. | ||
| repeatedly accept and release electrons e- and hydrogens +H to facilitate the transfer of redox energy. | ||
| NAD, FAD, NADP, coenzyme A, and the compounds in the repitory chain. | ||
| Adenosine Triphosphate | ||
| ATP is described as this because it can be earned, banked, saved, spent, and exchanged. | ||
| Adenine-a nitrogenous base Ribose-a 5 carbon sugar 3 phosphate group | ||
| ATP- removal of the terminal phosphate releases _____. | ||
| Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation | ||
| transfer of phosphate group from a phospholated to ATP | ||
| series of redox reactions occuring during respiratory pathway. | ||
| ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight. | ||
| the study of the production and use of energy by cells; includes catabolic and anabolic reactions. | ||
| The primary catabolism of fuels (such as glucose) proceeds through a series of three coupled pathways: | ||
| a series of reactions (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the repiratory chain) that converts glusoce into CO2, produces H2O, and generates energy. | ||
| uses glycolysis pathway, organic compounds are the final electron acceptor. | ||
| Electron transport chain accepts electrons from ____ and ___ | ||
| Electron transport chain generates energy through sequential redox reactions called______ _____ | ||
| The final "processing mill" for electrons and hydrogen and the major generator of energy. | ||
| Electron Transport chain of redox carriers that receive electrons from reduced carriers (NADH and FADH2) generated by_____ and the ____ ____ | ||
| Electron Transport System shuttles electrons down the chain, energy is released and is subsequently captured and used by ____ ______. | ||
| Electron Transport System ends in the final step is the acceptance of electrons and hydrogens by oxygen, producing _____ | ||
| as electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions (protons) into the outer compartment of the mitochondrion. | ||
| the chemiosmosis process sets up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called ___ ___ ___ | ||
| Hydrogen ions diffuse back through the____ ____ ____ |
