Biology Test #3 8 and 9 vocabulary!!!
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| 1007004895 | Cell division | Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | |
| 1007004896 | Chromosomes | A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. | |
| 1007004897 | Asexual Reproduction | A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. | |
| 1007004898 | Sexual Reproduction | A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents | |
| 1007004899 | Binary Fission | A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size | |
| 1007004900 | Chromatin | Complex of DNA and proteins hat makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers | |
| 1007004901 | Sister Chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. | |
| 1007004902 | Centromere | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached | |
| 1007004903 | Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. | |
| 1007004904 | Interphase | Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases | |
| 1007004905 | Mitotic Phase | Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two. | |
| 1007004906 | Mitosis | A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells | |
| 1007004907 | Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm during cell division | |
| 1007004908 | Prophase | Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms | |
| 1007004909 | Prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. | |
| 1007004910 | Metaphase | Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles | |
| 1007004911 | Anaphase | Begins as the centromeres duplicate themselves allowing each one of the chromatids to separate from it's double. These separated chromatids(new chromosomes) move apart and migrate to the opposite poles of the cell | |
| 1007004912 | Telophase | Cell finishes dividing, chromosomes lengthen and become thinner, nuclear membrane reappears, cytoplasm gets divided up evenly | |
| 1007004913 | Mitotic Spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. | |
| 1007004914 | Centrosomes | Clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles | |
| 1007004915 | Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | |
| 1007004916 | Cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. | |
| 1007004917 | Growth Factor | A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide | |
| 1007004918 | Density Dependent Inhibition | The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. | |
| 1007004919 | Anchorage Dependence | the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface. | |
| 1007004920 | Cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. | |
| 1007004921 | Tumor | A swelling; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive multiplication of cells, varying in size, shape, and color. | |
| 1007004922 | Beningn Tumor | does not have potential to kill host but may be life threatening depending on location. doesnt invade adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites. many do not spread. more closely resemble original tissue type, grows slowly and has little vascularity. | |
| 1007004923 | Malignant Tumor | A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs. | |
| 1007004924 | Metastasis | Is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body | |
| 1007004925 | Carcinoma | Cancer of the epithelial cells such as skin, lining of the lungs, glands, lining of the digestive tract, urinary. | |
| 1007004926 | Sarcoma | Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle. | |
| 1007004927 | Leukemia | This is a cancer of the blood-forming organs. Bone marrow, spleen, lymph system, characterized by abnormal increase of WBCs. Most common form of cancer in children. | |
| 1007004928 | Lymphoma | A group of malignant neoplasms composed of lymphocytes | |
| 1007004929 | Cancer | any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division | |
| 1007004930 | Gametes | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. | |
| 1007004931 | Zygote | Fertilized egg | |
| 1007004932 | Meiosis | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms | |
| 1007004933 | Centrioles | Are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. | |
| 1007004934 | Microtubules | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. | |
| 1007004935 | Kinetochore | A disc-shaped protein on the centromere that attaches the chromatid to the mitotic spindle during cell division | |
| 1007004936 | Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm | |
| 1007004937 | Vesicles | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. | |
| 1007004938 | Signal Transduction | In cell biology, a series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell | |
| 1007004939 | Somatic cell | Body cells | |
| 1007004940 | homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. | |
| 1007004941 | Locus | A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located. | |
| 1007004942 | gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). | |
| 1007004943 | Diploid number | Two sets of chromosomes (2n); the diploid number for a human cell is 46 (2x23) | |
| 1007004944 | Haploid | An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes | |
| 1007004945 | Meiosis 1 | a division during meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes are seperated into seperate cells | |
| 1007004946 | Meiosis 2 | -- The second division of meiosis, during which centromeres divide and the two chromatids of one chromosome become independent chromosomes. | |
| 1007004947 | Metaphase Plate | An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles | |
| 1008652699 | Prophase 1 | Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs. | |
| 1008652700 | Metaphase 1 | (Step) Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | |
| 1008652701 | Anaphase 1 | Chromosomes seperate and move to diff. sides; Sister chromatids stay together | |
| 1008652702 | Telophase 1 | nuclei from at opposite sides of the cell and a cleavage furrow starts to form. Each cell still has duplicated chromosome. Half of tetrad. | |
| 1009449899 | Genetic Recombination | General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. | |
| 1009449900 | XXY (male) | Klinefelter Syndrome. Testes will be abnormally small and will have breast enlargement and other feminine characteristics. | |
| 1009449901 | XYY (male) | Males with an extra Y chromosome. They appear to be taller | |
| 1009449902 | XXX (female) | Females with an extra X chromosome. Can't be distinguished from other females other than by karyotype. | |
| 1009449903 | XO (female) | Turner Syndrome. Females lack second X chromosome. The females are usually short and can't have babies because their sex organs are not fully developed. Only 45 chromosomes. | |
| 1009800971 | Hybrid | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait | |
| 1009800972 | P Generation | Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross | |
| 1009800973 | True breeding | If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic. | |
| 1009800974 | Monohydrid Cross | a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits | |
| 1009800975 | Laws of Segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that 1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parents, and 2) organisms donate only one copy o each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation | |
| 1009800976 | Law of Independent assortment | The alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation |
