Terms : Hide Images
| 8877334280 | Islam | monotheistic faith practiced by Muslims; believe that Allah (God) trasmitted his words to the faithful through Muhammad, that salvation is won through submission to the will of god, and in the concept of jihad | 0 | |
| 8877334281 | Shiites and Sunnis | The two groups that the Islamic faith split into; they are still split to this day | 1 | |
| 8877336977 | Five Pillars Of Islam | 1) confession of faith 2) prayer five times a day 3) charity to the needy 4) fasting during the holy month of Ramadan 5) pilgramage to Mecca at least once in one's lifetime (if finances permit) | 2 | |
| 8877336978 | Mecca | birthplace and origin of the prophet Muhammad; in present-day Saudi Arabia | 3 | |
| 8877337131 | Qu'ran | literal meaning is "recitation"; the recorded words of the prophet Muhammad | 4 | |
| 8877348409 | Medina | Where Muhammad and his followers fled to after being persecuted and theatened in Mecca | 5 | |
| 8877348410 | Hijra | the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina | 6 | |
| 8877351592 | Theocracy | A government that is ruled by immediate divine guidance or officials who are regarded as being divinely guided | 7 | |
| 8877351593 | Caliphate | a place that's ruled by a caliph, which is a sort of emporer and religious leader in one | 8 | |
| 8877353811 | Umayyad Dynasty | Enlarged the Islamic Empire dramatically, but also intesified conflict with the Byzantine and Persian empires for almost century; began when Hasan relinquished his title | 9 | |
| 8877356327 | Things that happened during the Umayyad Dyansty: | - the capital was moved to Damascus - Mecca remained the spititual center of the Islamic world - Arabic became the official language of the government - a bimetallic monetary system was eastablished (coin money) | 10 | |
| 8877356328 | Charles Martel | Frankish leader; stopped the Muslim advance in its tracks as Muslim armies tried to advance towards Paris, so the Islamic Empire never flourished in Europe beyond parts of Spain and Southern Italy | 11 | |
| 8877360257 | Dome Of The Rock | Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem | 12 | |
| 8877659041 | Shiites | believe that Ali was the rightful heir to the empire | 13 | |
| 8877659042 | Sunnis | believe that their leader should be chosen from a broad base of people | 14 | |
| 8877675733 | Abbasid Dynasty | had many ups and downs; during this time, a golden age began and the arts and sciences flourished; built a magnificent capital at Baghdad | 15 | |
| 8877696116 | Baghdad | capital of the Islamic Empire; became one of the greatest cultural centers of the world | 16 | |
| 8877710894 | Muahammad al-Razi | published a massive medical encyclopedia that was unlike anything compiled before it | 17 | |
| 8877718263 | Levant | present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and points north and south | 18 | |
| 8877725085 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; effective missionaries | 19 | |
| 8877734337 | Was Islam patriarchal? | Hella. | 20 | |
| 8877752877 | Mongols | overran the Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad, thereby signaling the end of the Abbasid Dyansty | 21 | |
| 8877762563 | Ottoman Turks | reunited Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new islamic state, which lasted until 1918 | 22 | |
| 8877771276 | Middle Ages | the period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance | 23 | |
| 8877795306 | Byzantine Empire | distinct from the Roman Empire; used the Greek language; architecture had distinctive domes; culture was more similar to Eastern cultures (like Persia); its brand of Christianity was known as Orthodox Christianity | 24 | |
| 8877817814 | Justinian | somewhat restored the former glory and unity of the Roman Empire in Constantinople | 25 | |
| 8877848436 | Orthodox Christianity | practiced by the Byzantines; specific brand of Christianity (more strict I think?) | 26 | |
| 8877864041 | Justinianic Code | a codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive | 27 | |
| 8877872802 | Hagia Sophia | an enormous cathedral that still stands today (but now as a museum and a former mosque) | 28 | |
| 8877884239 | St. Cyril | an Orthodox Christian who used the Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet, which is used in Russia and other parts of the region today | 29 | |
| 8877900584 | Vladimir | a Russian prince from Kiev; abandoned traditional pagan religion and converted to Christianity (rumor has it he chose this religion because of its lack of dietary restrictions) | 30 | |
| 8877917136 | The Franks | a Germanic tribe that united under the leadership of King Clovis in the late fifth centure | 31 | |
| 8877923104 | King Clovis | built a rather large empire that stretched from present-day Germany through Belgium and into France; After he died, his empire was divided among his sons | 32 | |
| 8877938414 | Battle of Tours | not far from Paris; where Charles Martel defeated the apporaching Muslim armies | 33 | |
| 8878108990 | Merovingian Dynasty | during the time when this dynasty was failing, Martel used his position as a political and military leader to put his sons forth as his successors | 34 | |
| 8878199624 | Carolingian Dynasty | founded by Martel when he put his sons forth as his successors | 35 | |
| 8878215928 | Pepin the Short | son of Charles Martel, father of Charlemagne | 36 | |
| 8878251028 | Charlemagne | revitalized the concept of the empire in westen Europe (aka "Charles The Great") | 37 | |
| 8878302888 | Holy Roman Empire | built by Charlemagne; coronated by Otto the Great in 962; actually had very little similiarities with the original Roman Empire | 38 | |
| 8878335254 | Treaty Of Verdun | stated that The Holy Roman Empire would be divided among Charlemagne's three sons upon his death | 39 | |
| 8878348265 | Magyars | from Hungary; powerful invaders that attacked western Europe | 40 | |
| 8878352864 | Vikings | from Svandanavia; were not only raiders, but were perhaps the most successuful; used their advances boats to raid well beyond their borders, up and down the North Atlantic coast, and along the inland rivers | 41 | |
| 8878371889 | Feudalism | the European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages; had a strict hierarchy | 42 | |
| 8878381360 | European Feudalism hierarchy: | The KING, then the NOBLES, then the VASSALS, then the PEASANTS | 43 | |
| 8878396924 | Memory trick for European Feudalism hierarchy order: | Know No Vile Places, Even Finland (sorry Finland) | 44 | |
| 8878437584 | Nobles | in exchange for military service and loyalty to the king, were granted power over sections of the kingdom | 45 | |
| 8878437585 | Vassals | Ruled by the nobles; in charge of smaller sections of the kingdom; could split their land as well and give power to subordinate vassals | 46 | |
| 8878440044 | Peasants | worked the land | 47 | |
| 8878440045 | Fiefs | estates granted to the vassals | 48 | |
| 8878442298 | Manors | aka fiefs (later name) | 49 | |
| 8878472662 | three-field system | centered on the rotation of three fields: one for the fall harvest, one for the spring harvest, and one not-seeded fallow harvest (allows the land to replenish its nutrients, kinda like a grace period) | 50 | |
| 8878532652 | Code of Chivalry | an honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect; most of the lords and knights followed this | 51 | |
| 8878543928 | primogeniture | passing down of land and title to the eldest son | 52 | |
| 8878552615 | serfs | peasants; had few rights | 53 | |
| 8878559894 | burghers | middle-class merchants | 54 | |
| 8878563206 | Hanseatic League | a signifigant alliance eastablished in 1358; controlled much of the trade in Northern Europe; had an economic basis | 55 | |
| 8878593663 | Crusades | military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity | 56 | |
| 8878593664 | Heresies | religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine | 57 | |
| 8878595533 | Pope Innocent III | issued strict decrees on church doctrine; under his rule, perceived heretics and Jews were frequely persecuted, and a fourth, ultimately unsuccessful crusade was attempted | 58 | |
| 8878597998 | Scholasticism | The process of the ideas of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and other Greeks being brought to Europe through contacts with Islamic and Byzantine Empires | 59 | |
| 8878597999 | Inquisition | a formalized interrogation and persecution process of perceived heritics | 60 | |
| 8878664057 | interregnum | a time between kings | 61 | |
| 8878671786 | The Bubonic Plague | referred to as the Black Death; originated in CHina; quickly spread to Europe and, due to crowded conditions and lack of sanitation, quickly killed over 1/3 of Europe's population | 62 | |
| 8878695354 | William The Conquerer | Ever since his rule, England had followed a tradition fo a strong monarchy | 63 | |
| 8878695355 | Magna Carta | a document reinstating the feudal rights of the nobels, but also extending the rule of law to other people in the country (namely the growing burgher class), laying the foundation for the Parliament | 64 | |
| 8878742306 | Spanish Inquisition | set up to punish non-Christian Spaniards | 65 | |
| 8878746508 | Tatars | A group of Mongols from the east; ruled a large chunk of Russia for two centuries, leading to a cultural rift that further split Eastern and Western Europe | 66 | |
| 8878759448 | Ivan the Terrible | centralized power over the entire Russian sphere; ruled ruthlessly and used secret police aginst his own nobles | 67 | |
| 8878776740 | T'ang Dynasty | expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea; became so large that local warlords gained too much power and the dynasty collapsed | 68 | |
| 8878789320 | Song Dynasty | China was reunified; despite a long period of peace and prosperity, this dynasty eventually fell to Jurchen and then to the Mongols | 69 | |
| 8878808035 | Yuan Dynasty | established by the Mongols in place of the Song Dynasty; lasted lewss than a century and then the Mongols were driven from China | 70 | |
| 8878817048 | Ming Dynasty | restored traditional Chinese rule to the empire | 71 | |
| 8878825036 | tribute system | independent countries including Vietnam, Korea, Tiber, and various central Asian tribes acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese emporer and sent ambassadors to the city with gifts | 72 | |
| 8878842975 | bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives | 73 | |
| 8878842976 | civil service | a meritocracy as apposed to an aristocracy; positions were earned by strong performance | 74 | |
| 8878868961 | foot binding | a process originated from the Song Dynasty in China, adhering to a new Confucianism; a woman's feet would be bound shortly after birth in an effort to keep them small (big feet were considered hecka ugly) and often ended up in deforming and sometimes crippling | 75 | |
| 8878893482 | shogun | chief emporer (Feudal Japan) | 76 | |
| 8878893483 | Code of Bushido | a code that stressed loyalty, courage, and honor, and was so important that if a samurai failed to meet his obligations under this code, he was expected to commit suicide | 77 | |
| 8878915671 | Delhi Sultanate | a kingdom of Islamic invaders set up in Delhi, under the rule of a sultan | 78 | |
| 8878922044 | Genghis Khan | using his tremendous military and organizational skills, unified the Mongol tribes and set them on a path of expansion that would lead to the largest empire the world had ever seen | 79 | |
| 8878930548 | Mongol empire | largest empire the world had ever seen; eventually spanned from the Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe; after the death of Genghis Khan, his followers split into groups deemed "hordes" | 80 | |
| 8878957890 | Kublai Khan | ruler of China during the Mongolian Empire | 81 | |
| 8878962344 | Timur Lang | powerful leader of the Mongols after the fall of the Mongol Empire | 82 | |
| 8878976903 | Axum | empire that rose after the fall of the Kush; although they never conquered, they traded frequently, especially in ivory and gold; converted to Christianity in the fourth century and then to Islam in the seventh | 83 | |
| 8878991919 | Mansa Musa | one of the greatest Malian rulers; built a capital at Timbuktu and expanded the kingdom well beyond the bounds of Ghana; made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324; the journey he made to Mecca was so extravagant and long that Musa became an overnight international sensation (would do well on Twitter) | 84 | |
| 8878991920 | Benin | mastered a bronze sculpting technique; created some of the most beautiful early bronze work by any civilization | 85 | |
| 8879034758 | Tenochtitlan | capital of the Aztec civlization (modern-day Mexico City) | 86 | |
| 8879050386 | Indian Ocean Trade | Persian and Arab - dominated; trade routes connected ports in western India to ports in the Persian Gulf, which in turn were connected to ports in eastern Africa | 87 | |
| 8879067494 | oral literature | a form of human communication where in knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another; The transmission is through speech or song and may include folktales, ballads, chants, prose or verses | 88 | |
| 8879076737 | Silk Road | carried much more than silk (other materials, as well as religions and food and cultures and ideas) | 89 | |
| 8879076738 | First Crusade | On November 27, 1095, in Clermont, France, Pope Urban II called for a crusade to help the Byzantines and to free the city of Jerusalem; The official start date was set as August 15, 1096. Those armies that left before that time are considered part of the People's Crusade | 90 |
