Chapter 8 from the World Civilizations: The Global Experience Third Edition textbook.
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| 99322992 | Stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | 0 | |
| 99322993 | Maghrib | The Arabic word for western North Africa | 1 | |
| 99322994 | Almoravids | Conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain | 2 | |
| 99322995 | Almohads | A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa | 3 | |
| 99322996 | Ethiopia | ... | 4 | |
| 99322997 | Lalibela | ... | 5 | |
| 99322998 | Sahel | The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; a point of exchange between the forests to the south and North Africa | 6 | |
| 99322999 | Sudanic States | Kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; based at Takrur on the Senegal River to the west and Hao on the Niger River to the east; included Mali and Songhay. | 7 | |
| 99323000 | Mali | Empire centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers; creation of Malinke peoples; broke away from control of Ghana in 13th century | 8 | |
| 99323001 | Juula | Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa | 9 | |
| 99323002 | Mansa | ... | 10 | |
| 99323003 | Kankan Musa | ... | 11 | |
| 99323004 | Ishak al-Sahili | Architect brought back to Mali with Mansa Musa after his pilgrimage to Mecca | 12 | |
| 99323005 | Sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became of Mali Empire; died about 1260 | 13 | |
| 99323006 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisers to kings within the Mali Empire. | 14 | |
| 99323007 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and a university | 15 | |
| 99323008 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali. | 16 | |
| 99323009 | Askia Muhammad | ... | 17 | |
| 99323010 | Hausa states | Combined Muslim and pagan traditions; emerged following the demise of Songhay Empire among the Hausa peoples of northern Nigeria, based on cities such as Keno | 18 | |
| 99323011 | Zanj | Arabic term for the East African coast | 19 | |
| 99323012 | East African trading ports | Urbanized commercial centers sharing common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits | 20 | |
| 99323013 | Ibn Batuta | Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute. | 21 | |
| 99323014 | Demographic transition | Shift to low birth rate; low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and US in later 19th century. | 22 | |
| 99323015 | Nok | Culture featuring highly developed art style flourishing between 500 BCE and 200 CE; located in forests of central Nigeria | 23 | |
| 99323016 | Yoruba | City-states developed in northern Nigeria c. 1200 CD; Ile-ife featured artistic style possibly related to earlier Nok culture; agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy. | 24 | |
| 99323017 | Oyo | Local lineages controlled provinces while paying tribute to the ruler | 25 | |
| 99323018 | Ile-Ife | ... | 26 | |
| 99323019 | Benin | City-state formed in 14th century under Ewuae the Great; control extended from Niger River to coast near modern Lagos. A large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast, the city-state came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century | 27 | |
| 99323020 | Luba | ... | 28 | |
| 99323021 | Kongo Kingdom | based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy. | 29 | |
| 99323022 | Zimbabwe | ... | 30 | |
| 99323023 | Great Zimbabwe | Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples lovated between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa | 31 | |
| 99323024 | Mwene Mutapa | King of Great Zimbabwe | 32 |
