Chapter 8 Vocab
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| 1295382249 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 1295382250 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). | 1 | |
| 1295382251 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning. | 2 | |
| 1295382252 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | 3 | |
| 1295382253 | unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 4 | |
| 1295382254 | unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | 5 | |
| 1295382255 | conditioned response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | 6 | |
| 1295382256 | conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | 7 | |
| 1295382257 | acquisition | The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 8 | |
| 1295382258 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 9 | |
| 1295382259 | spontaneous recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | 10 | |
| 1295382260 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | 11 | |
| 1295382261 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 12 | |
| 1295382262 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 13 | |
| 1295382264 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning | 14 | |
| 1295382266 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | 15 | |
| 1295382267 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 16 | |
| 1295382268 | operant chamber | a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. | 17 | |
| 1295382269 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | 18 | |
| 1295382270 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 19 | |
| 1295382271 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 20 | |
| 1295382272 | conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. | 21 | |
| 1295382273 | partial reinforcer | a type of conditioned learning in which only some of the responses are reinforced | 22 | |
| 1295382274 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 23 | |
| 1295382275 | variable ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 24 | |
| 1295382276 | fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 25 | |
| 1295382277 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 26 | |
| 1295382278 | punishment | can be either positive or negative, intended to reduce the occurrence of a behavior | 27 | |
| 1295382279 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | 28 | |
| 1295382280 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 29 | |
| 1295382281 | overjustification effect | the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. | 30 | |
| 1295382282 | intristic motivation | desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | 31 | |
| 1295382283 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | 32 | |
| 1295382284 | observational learning | A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. | 33 | |
| 1295382285 | modeling | process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 34 | |
| 1295382286 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 35 | |
| 1295382287 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | 36 | |
| 1295382288 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguise between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 37 |
