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| 9234185854 | cell division | process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | 0 | |
| 9234185855 | asexual reproduction | process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent | 1 | |
| 9234185856 | sexual reproduction | type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism | 2 | |
| 9234185857 | chromosomes | threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information in eukaryotes chromosomes are found in the nucleus in prokaryotes they are found in the cytoplasm | 3 | |
| 9234185858 | chromatin | substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consist of DNA tightly coiled around histones | 4 | |
| 9234185859 | interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions | 5 | |
| 9234185860 | cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells | 6 | |
| 9234185861 | prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible | 7 | |
| 9234185862 | centromere | region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach | 8 | |
| 9234185863 | chromatid | one of two identical "sister" copies of a duplicated chromosome | 9 | |
| 9234185864 | centrioles | structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division | 10 | |
| 9234185865 | metaphase | phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | 11 | |
| 9234185866 | anaphase | phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell | 12 | |
| 9234185867 | telophase | phase of mitosis in which the cell is almost finished dividing, chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin | 13 | |
| 9234185868 | growth factors | proteins that simulate the growth and division of cells | 14 | |
| 9234185869 | cyclin | proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells | 15 | |
| 9234185870 | apoptosis | process of programmed cell death | 16 | |
| 9234185871 | cancer | cells lose the ability to control growth | 17 | |
| 9234185872 | tumor | mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue | 18 | |
| 9234185873 | embryo | developing stage of a multicellular organism | 19 | |
| 9234185874 | differentiation | process in which cells become specialized in structure and function | 20 | |
| 9234185875 | totipotent | cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body | 21 | |
| 9234185876 | pluripotent | cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types | 22 | |
| 9234185877 | stem cells | unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells | 23 | |
| 9234185878 | multipotent | cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells | 24 | |
| 9234185879 | The larger a cell becomes, the more _________ the cell places on its DNA. | demand | 25 | |
| 9234185880 | A large cell is _______ efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane | less | 26 | |
| 9234185881 | As the cell increases in size, does the DNA? | nope | 27 | |
| 9234185882 | Cell division solves what problem? | information overload and the increasing size. | 28 | |
| 9234185883 | Cell division results in an increase in the ratio of _______________ to _______________. | surface area ... volume | 29 | |
| 9234185884 | Can asexual reproduction occur in multicellular organisms? | yes ex: small bud growing off hydra, strawberry plant sends out a runner | 30 | |
| 9234185885 | Where does the offspring of sexual reproduction get its genetic information? | half from each parent | 31 | |
| 9234185886 | What is a disadvantage with asexual reproduction? | no genetic diversity | 32 | |
| 9234185887 | What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? | genetic diversity | 33 | |
| 9234185888 | Do eukaryotes have more or less DNA than prokaryotes? | more | 34 | |
| 9234185889 | During the cell cycle, a cell _______, prepares for _________ __________ , and ___________________________________. | grows cell division divides to form two daughter cells | 35 | |
| 9234185890 | What is binary fission? | cell division in prokaryotes, asexual reproduction | 36 | |
| 9234185891 | Explain the process of cellular division in prokaryotes. | 1) chromosome is replicated 2) two DNA molecules attach to different regions of the cell membrane 3) a network of fibers forms between them, stretching from one side of the cell to the other. 4) the fibers constrict and the cell is pinched inward, dividing the cytoplasm and chromosomes between two newly formed cells | 37 | |
| 9234185892 | What is the result of binary fission? | two genetically identical cells | 38 | |
| 9234185893 | What are the phases of the cell cycle? | 1) G1 phase: Cell Growth 2) S Phase: DNA replication 3) G2 Phase: Preparing for cell division | 39 | |
| 9234185894 | What happens in G1 Phase? | -cells do most of their growing -cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles. | 40 | |
| 9234185895 | What happens in S Phase? What does the "S" stand for? What is the result of the S Phase? | "S": synthesis -new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated. -result: the cell contains twice as much DNA as it did at the beginning | 41 | |
| 9234185896 | What happens in G2 Phase? | this is the shortest phase of all three during this phase many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced. the cell is now ready to enter the M phase and begin cell division | 42 | |
| 9234185897 | What happens in M Phase? | M: Cell Division this produces two daughter cells The M phase takes its name from the process Mitosis | 43 | |
| 9234185898 | Cell Division occurs in two main stages, what are they? | Mitosis and cytokinesis | 44 | |
| 9234185899 | Name all of the stages of Mitosis | 1) prophase 2) metaphase 3) anaphase 4) telophase | 45 | |
| 9234185900 | What happens in prophase? | -This is the longest stage. -The chromosomes turn into more of a condensed from and become visible -Now the nuclear membrane has started to vanish -The centrioles are moving to opposite sides of the cells |  | 46 |
| 9234185901 | What happens in metaphase? | -The sister chromatids arrive a the center -Centrioles at opposite parts of the cell -Spindle fibers form and attach to the chromatids |  | 47 |
| 9234185902 | What happens in anaphase? | -The cell membrane starts to pinch inwards -The spindle fibers pull the chromatids toward opposite sides of the cell -Each spindle pulling one half of the sister chromatid |  | 48 |
| 9234185903 | What happens in telophase? | -The two separated chromatids on each side begin to unwind. -The nuclear membranes start to form around the DNA -The cell is now completely split through a process called cytokinesis. |  | 49 |
| 9234185904 | What is the result of Mitosis?? | Two nuclei each with a duplicate set of chromosomes. | 50 | |
| 9234185905 | What occurs after telophase? | Cytokinesis | 51 | |
| 9234185906 | What is cytokinesis? | it splits one cell into two. | 52 | |
| 9234185907 | Explain cytokinesis in animal cells? | the cell membrane is drawn inwards until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts. Each part contains its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles |  | 53 |
| 9234185908 | Explain cytokinesis in plant cells? | the cell membrane is NOT flexible enough to draw inward because of the cell wall. instead, a structure known as the cell plate gradually develops into cell membranes that separate into cell membranes that separate the two daughter cells. | | 54 |
| 9234185909 | Mitosis picture |  | 55 | |
| 9234185910 | In the early 1980s, biologists discovered a protein in cells that were in mitosis. What was this protein? | cyclin | 56 | |
| 9234185911 | The cell cycle is controlled by ______________ _____________ both inside and outside the cell. | regulatory proteins | 57 | |
| 9234185912 | What are internal regulators? | they respond to event occurring inside a cell. they allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred in the cell itself | 58 | |
| 9234185913 | What are external regulators? Give example of one | they respond to events outside the cell. they direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle (think of that police officer by the school directing traffic) one example is a growth factor. | 59 | |
| 9234185914 | Apoptosis can play a key role in development by shaping the structure of _________ and _________ in plants and animals. | tissues and organs | 60 | |
| 9234185915 | Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that _______________________________________________________________________/ what is this result? | regulate the growth of most cells the cells divide uncontrollably as a result | 61 | |
| 9234185916 | what is a benign tumor? | doesn't spread to surrounding tissue (non-cancerous) | 62 | |
| 9234185917 | What is a malignant tumor? | cancerous tumor that spreads and absorb nutrients the body needs and block nerve connections and prevent organs from functioning | 63 | |
| 9234185918 | what causes cancer? | When cells divide uncontrolably and eventually form a tumor | 64 | |
| 9234185919 | Adult stem cells are groups of cells that differentiate to _________ and _______ cells in the body. | replace and renew | 65 | |
| 9234185920 | What are some potential benefits to stem cell research? | stem cells offer the potential benefit of using undifferentiated cells to repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues | 66 | |
| 9234185921 | What are some ethical issues with stem cell research? | Human embryonic stem cell research is controversial because the arguments for it and against it both involve ethical issues of life and death | 67 |
