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| 482571759 | fermentation | partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuels that occurs w/o the use of oxygen | |
| 482571760 | organic molecules | possess potential energy as result of the arrangment of electons in the bonds between their atoms | |
| 482571761 | fuels | compounds that can participate in exergonic rxns | |
| 482571762 | enzymes | helps cells to systematically degrade complex organic molecules that are rich in PE to simpler waste products that have less energy | |
| 482571763 | energy | some of it taken out of chemical storage (from PE in bonds of complex compounds) and used to do work while the rest is dissipated as heat | |
| 482571764 | aerobic respiration | oxygen consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel most euk/prok cells carry out | |
| 482571765 | anaerobic respiration | w/o oxygen some prokaryotes carry out | |
| 482571766 | cellular respiration | includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes usually refers to aerobic fuel = food (Glucose) exhaust = CO2, H2O + Energy | |
| 482641113 | redox reactions | in chemical rxns, transfer of 1+ e- from one reactant to another | |
| 482641114 | oxidation | loss of electrons | |
| 482641115 | reduction | addition of electrons negative electrons (e-) added to an atom ______the amount of positive charge of the atom | |
| 482641116 | reducing agent | gives off an electron & reduces substance, which accepts the donated electron Na + Cl -> Na+ Cl- Na in this case -> gives up e- | |
| 482641117 | oxidizing agent | electron acceptor Na + Cl -> Na+ Cl- Cl in this case -> gains an e- | |
| 482641118 | redox reactions | not all rxns involve the complete transfer of electrons from one substance to another; some change the degree of e- sharing in covalent bonds i.e. CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + Energy + H20 pg 211 (STUDY AGAIN) | |
| 482641119 | energy | must be added to pull an electron away from an atom more electronegative an atom=> more ____ needed to pull electrons away from it | |
| 482641120 | electron | loses PE when it shifs from a less electronegative atom toward a more electronegative one | |
| 500028279 | ATP | within cellular respiration ____ is made within the cytosol and within the mitochondria | |
| 500028280 | exergonic reaction | G<0 - cells harvest 1/2 energy from rxn to make atp - cells break down rxn into smaller steps - drives most production | |
| 500028281 | Glycolysis | occurs in cytosol, Produces NADH carrying electrons and Glucose becomes Pyruvate + ATP | |
| 500028282 | cell respiration outputs | C02, H20, and ATP (powers most cells) | |
| 500028283 | cell respiration inputs | organic molecules (glucose, etc) & 02 | |
| 500028284 | fermentation | catabolic process partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs w/o the use of oxygen not as efficient as cell resp | |
| 500028285 | exergonic | breakdown of glucose is what type of reaction with free energy change (G) = -686kcal less energy in the products than in the reactants, use ATP to fuel | |
| 500028286 | relocation of electrons releases energy stored | how do the catabolic pathways that decompose glucose and other organic fuels yield energy? | |
| 500028287 | ATP | released energy from e- transfer used to synthesize _____ | |
| 500028288 | electronegative atoms | attract electrons, tend to be oxidizing agents (stronger they tend to pull on electrons and more energy neede to take an e- away from it) | |
| 500028289 | NAD+ | - a coenzyme that acts an electron carrier, oxidized form - carries Hydrogen atoms stripped from Glucose molecule | |
| 500028290 | hydrogen | organic molecules with abundance of __________ = excellent fuels - because their bonds are a source of "hill top" electrons- whose potential energy may be released as these electrons fall down an energy gradient when they are transferred to oxygen | |
| 500028291 | NADH | reduced form of NAD, formed from NADH + 2H | |
| 500028292 | dehydrogenasdelivers pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) | dehydrogenase enzyme that delivers pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) and delivers it to coenzyme (NAD+) in the form of 2e and 1 proton, other proton released | |
| 500028293 | NAD+ | has 2e and 1 proton neutralized when reduced to NADH | |
| 500028294 | NADH | respresents stored energy that can be tapped to make ATP when e- fall down an energy gradient from _____ to oxygen | |
| 500220413 | combustion reaction | between H2 and O2 - release of energy (explosion) is when electrons of the hydrogen "fall" closer to the electronegative O atoms somewhat similar to cell resp - but H atoms are from organic molecules and no explosion due to electron transport chain "breaking the fall" of electrons | |
| 500220414 | electron transport chain | number of molecules mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of aerobically respiring prokaryotes | |
| 500220415 | top of electron transport chain | e- removed from glucose are shuttled by NADH to the "top", higher energy end of he chain | |
| 500220416 | bottom of electron transport chain | at "bottom" - lower energy end, O2 captures these electrons along with hydrogen nuclei, forming water | |
| 500220417 | electron transport chain | "Breaks fall" of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps hence no explosive process | |
| 500220418 | oxygen | terminal electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain | |
| 500220419 | electron transport chain | each carrier is more electronegative than the last and oxidizes its "uphill" neighbor until you reach oxygen (very electronegative) | |
| 500220420 | exergonic | e- transfer from NADH to oxygen is a ______ reaction | |
| 500220421 | cellular respiration | gylcolysis -> pyruvate oxidation -> oxidative phosphorylation | |
| 500220422 | pyruvate oxidation | in eukaryotes -> pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized to a compound called acetyl CoA | |
| 500220423 | acetyl CoA | arises from pyruvate being oxidized in mitochondrion | |
| 500220424 | citric acid cycle | breakdown of glucose to CO2 is completed input : Acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 carrying e- as well as ATP also known as the Kreb's cycle | |
| 500220425 | enzyme | ends in "kinase" => phosphorylates substrates, adds phosphate group, many need in each step of Gylcolysis | |
| 500220426 | oxidative phosphorylation | ATP synthesis powered by redox rxns of the e- transport chain energy released at each step along the chain can be used to convert ADP -> ATP | |
| 500220427 | inner membrane of the mitochondrion | where e- transport and chemiosmosis occurs = both process constitute oxidative phosphorylation | |
| 500220428 | oxidative phosphorylation | accounts for 90% of ATP generated by respiration | |
| 500220429 | substrate-level phosphorylation | smaller amount of ATP formed directly in a few reactions of glyclolysis and citric acid cycle | |
| 500220430 | substrate-level phosphorylation | enzyme tranfsers phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding inorganic phosphate to ADP as in in oxidative phosphorylation | |
| 500220431 | glycolysis | in two phases : energy investment and energy payoff Glucose - 6 carbon sugar, broken down into two 3 carbon-sugars => these sugar molecules are then oxidized and their remaining atoms rearranged to form 2 molecules of pyruvate | |
| 500220432 | energy investment phase of gylocolysis | cell spends ATP but paid off in other phase 2 ATP used, 4 formed -> net = 2 | |
| 500220433 | Glycolysis | 2 ATP + 2 NADH (+ 2H)= net energy yield | |
| 500220434 | phosphofruktokinase | key enzyme in glycolysis, important for regulation step 3 cell turns up/on & off allosterically regulated, highly regulated | |
| 500220435 | Pi | phosphate from environment | |
| 500220436 | phosphofruktokinase | transfers a phosphate group from ATP to teh opposite end of the sugar, investign a second molecule of ATP - key step for regulation of glycolysis | |
| 500220437 | pyruvate | most energy in this type of molecule ?? | |
| 500220438 | pyruvate oxidation | moved into mitochondria from cytosol - need tranpsort protein to go into mitochondria some diseases where protein doesnt work, or due to environmental agents | |
| 500220439 | pyruvate entering mitochondria | 1. Carboxyl group removed as CO2 from pyruvate, 2. Harvests energy: The rest of the 2 Carbon fragment oxiized, forming Acetate, electrons transfered to NAD+ and stored in NADH + 2H form 3. Becomes Acetyl CoA : CoA (coenzyme A) attaches and forms acetyl CoA 4. CoA clipped of and not used, just before entering Mitochondrion | |
| 500220440 | acetyl coA | high potential energy (will take a exergonic rxn to yield lower energy products) | |
| 500220441 | citric acid cycle | oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate | |
| 500220442 | inputs of citric acid cycle | acetyl CoA | |
| 500220443 | outputs of citric acid cycle | 6 CO2 (one removed in oxidation of pyruvate) 2 ATP per turn (substrate level phosphorylation, 1per 1 pyruvate) 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 - reduced forms of NAD+ and FAD, where most chemical energy stored in, carrying electrons | |
| 500220444 | matrix of mitochondria | where citric acid cycle occurs | |
| 500220445 | mitochondria membrane | where oxidative phosphorylation occurs | |
| 500220446 | oxidative phosphorylation | chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis fueled by energy released in e- transport chain | |
| 500220447 | electron transport chain | from top to bottom - more stored energy to less energy NADH -> NAD+ FADH2 -> FAD 2 e- (from NADH and FADH2) 2H+ + 1/2 O2 H20 | |
| 500220448 | electron transport chain | in oxidative phosphorylation - pumps protons (H+) to create an H+ gradient accross membrane more outputs: NADH -> NAD+ FADH2 -> FAD 2 e- (from NADH and FADH2) 2H+ + 1/2 O2 H20 | |
| 500220449 | ATP synthase | protein between mito matrix and intermembrane space of mitochondria, enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphates acts as ion pump | |
| 500220450 | ATP synthase | rotated by flow of protons - proton gradient and uses energy takes phosphate group (ADP) and Pi - physically puts together | |
| 500220451 | high H+ concentration | => diffuse into the mito matrix and rotates ATP synthase to drive phosphorylation of ADP | |
| 500220452 | problems with protons | some diseases poke holes in the membrane, allow H+ to flow out, => gradient reduced, ATP output reduced | |
| 500220453 | proton-motive force | H+ gradient | |
| 500220454 | chemiosmosis | energy stored in the form of H+ gradient (proton-motive force) drives cellular work such as ATP synthesis (by flowing through it and cause ATP synthase to rotate) | |
| 500220455 | Glucose molecule | 6 carbon sugar yields 30-38 ATP, usually 36-38 | |
| 500220456 | phosphofructokinase | major regulator in Cellular Respiration - stimulated by AMP - inhibited by ATP produced or from citrate (from citric acid cycle) | |
| 500245877 | oxygen | with out it there to pull electrons down chin, than oxidative phosphorylation usually ceases unless fermentation or anaerobic respiration start up | |
| 500245878 | electron transport chain | fermentation vs anaerobic respiration - what is the difference? anaerobic respiration uses an ______ but fermentation doesn't | |
| 500245879 | types of fermentation | depends on what end products are formed after pyruvate when no oxygen is present | |
| 500245880 | alcohol fermentation | pyruvate is converted to ethanol, CO2 released, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ | |
| 500245881 | cellular respiration regulation | ATP exists in equilibirum with ADP + Pi & AMP + Pi hence the regulators on phosphofructokinase | |
| 500245882 | goal of fermentation | regenerated NAD+ => can go on with Glycolysis not the only output of fermentation but dependso n the cell type | |
| 500245883 | lactate and ethanol output | both regenerate NAD+ | |
| 500245884 | other organic fuels | enter cell respiration in different pathways and during different steps carbs - enters glycolysis step faty acid- enters Acetyl CoA, or gycolysis proteins - can enter in many parts of process | |
| 500245885 | lactic acid fermentation | pyruvate reduced by NADH to form lactate as end product, No release of CO2 |
