AP world history Earth and Its People Chapter 9 Key Terms
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| 244499282 | Charlemagne | King of Franks; emperor. Through a series of military conquest, he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. He sponsored a brief intellectual revival. | 0 | |
| 244499283 | Schism | A formal split within a religious community. | 1 | |
| 244499284 | Medieval | Literally "middle ages," term used by European historians to refer to the era between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. | 2 | |
| 244499285 | Manor | A large,self-sufficient landholding made up of the lord's residence, out-buildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. | 3 | |
| 244499286 | Serf | An agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform certain services for a lord. In Russia some serf worked as artisans and in factories. | 4 | |
| 244499287 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. | 5 | |
| 244499288 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. | 6 | |
| 244499289 | Fief | Land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service. | 7 | |
| 244499290 | Pilgrimage | Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions have pilgrimages, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chinese Buddhist to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings. | 8 | |
| 244499291 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. It brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. | 9 | |
| 244499292 | Vassal | A sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. | 10 | |
| 244499293 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 11 | |
| 244499294 | Byzantine Empire | Name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire taken from "Byzantion," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital. | 12 | |
| 244499295 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope was the head. | 13 | |
| 244499296 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. | 14 | |
| 244499297 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. | 15 |
